While her husband, Karl August (1757-1828), was in Preussian war service during the Napoleonic Wars, she handled the affairs of state, and after the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, the victorious French troops assembled in the residential city of Weimar and met with Napoleon Bonarparte and persuaded him to stop the plundering of the city, which gave her the posititon as "saviour of the nation" (Retterin des Vaterlandes). After the end of the wars, her husband was raised to the position of Grand-Duke. Of her 7 children, 3 survived into adulthood. She lived (1757-1830).

Because of the French Invasion she had to abandon the Community 1812-15 as the first Abbess ever.

1805 Army Leader Mai Sukhan in Punjab (India)

The widow of Gulab Singh Bhangi, chief of one of the Sikh Clans, she strongly defended the town of Amritsar against Ranjit Singh for some time. 

Around 1805 Defence Leader Dharam Kaur of Akalgarh in Punjab (India)

After the imprisonment of her husband, Dal Singhby Ranjit Singh, she mounted guns on the walls of her fort and fought against the Durbar forces. She was a brave and a wise Lady who was able, for some time, to foil the designs of the Lahore ruler on her territory.

1806 Sovereign Princess and Duchess Pauline Bonaparte of Gaustalla (Italy) 

1806-32 Regent Dowager Sri Sri Sri Maharani Lalit Tipura Sundari Devi of Nepal

1806-10 Politically Active Queen Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz of Preussen (Germany)

Married to the rather weak and hesitant king Friedrich Wilhelm III, and she showed both courage and intelligence in a difficult situation for the country. In 1806 she and a group of followers realized that reforms were needed in order to revitalize the kingdom, and she used the crisis for a new start. As the politicians and military leaders did not know what to do, she personally met Napoleon I in Tilsit in 1807, and tried to limit the consequences of the Prussian defeat to the Napoleonic forces. She became a European myth of female beauty, charisma and warmth of her heart. Mother of 7 children, she died of a pneumonia, and lived (1776-1810).

1807-08 and 1812-19 Regent H.H. Dowager Rani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Durga Bai Raje Sahib Bhonsle of Savantvadi (India)

Second widow of Raja Shrimant Khem Savant III Bhonsle Bahadur. She adopted Phond II Sawant, who succeeded the adopted son of her husband's first wife, who was in charge of the government 1803-05. The third widow, Rani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Savitri Bai Raje Sahib Bhonsle, was Joint Regent 1819-22.

1807-14 Regent Dowager Princess Caroline Luise von Hessen-Homburg of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (Germany)
1814-54  De facto in Charge of the Government

After the death of her husband, Ludwig Friedrich, she was regent for son Friedrich Günther (1793-1807-67). In the first year of her reign, the Principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbund), which meant that it stood under the protection of Napoleon until 1813 and 2 years later, the state joined the German Federation (Deutschen Bund). As he did not show any interest in the government, she remained de-facto in charge of the government until her death. He Günther was succeeded by his younger brother Albert (1798-1867-69). She was also known as Caroline Louise Ulrike, and lived (1771-1854).

1807-10 Regent H.H. Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Rani Maina Bai Sahib of Dhar (India)

In charge of the government during the minority of her son, Ramchand Rao I Anand, who was born 5 months after his father's death.

1807-? The Iyoba of Uselu in Benin (Nigeria)

Mother of Obanosa of Benin (1804-16), his successor Ogbebo reigned for less than a year. As Queen Mother she was a senior town chief. She lived in her own palace outside the capital.  She did not appear in public and did not have an official role in the political system, but she was always "consulted" by important political decisions, and her vote was necessary in the political decision process. As widow of the former king and mother of the present, she was given semi-male status. She had a "wife" with the title of Amoda, she was surrounded by Amada, naked boys and has a whole court of officeholders. 

1807 Army Leader Rattan Kaur (Punjab in India)

Widow of Tara Singh Ghaiba, Chief of the Dallevali Clan (1717-1807) and kept the Lahore Durbar forces at bay for a sufficient time till the Lahore army bribed the gatekeepers. 

1807-08 De facto co-regent Ayşe Seniyeperver Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, Greece, The Balcans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)

1807-09 Commander of the Red Flag Fleet and Leader of the Pirate Confederation Ching Shih, China

Also known as Cheng I Sao, she took over as leader of the enormous pirate fleet which included between 1.500 and 1.800 ships and 80.000 male and female pirates when her husband, Cheng I, was killed in a typhoon in 1807. He had created a powerful confederation controlling the sea-lanes from Hong Kong to the Vietnamese border. Born into a family practicing piracy for many generations, he fought with rebel forces in Vietnam. When he returned to China in 1801, he made himself leader of the pirates in the Kwang-tung Province, and by 1806, virtually every Chinese vessel passing the coast paid protection money. Although Cheng's corsairs avoided large European vessels, they captured foreign sailors and held them for ransom. After Cheng Shih became leader of the pirates she issued a code of laws that added even more power to the pirate confederation. The code was short and severe. Anyone caught giving commands on his own or disobeying those of a superior was to be decapitated. It was a capital offence to pilfer from the common treasury or steal from the villagers who regularly supplied the pirates. Desertion or absence without leave resulted in a man's ear being cut off and his being paraded through his squadron. Raping female captives was also a capital offence, and if there was fornication by mutual consent, the pirate was to be beheaded and the female captive cast overboard with a weight on her legs. The pirate confederation was so strong that for years it held power over the Chinese military along the coast, and they made an alliance with the western powers and in 1809 the pirates were defeated. Nothing is known about what happened to her afterwards.

1808-circa 22 Queen Regnant Tsimalomo of Boina (Madagascar)

Opposed by Princess Maka Andrianaresy in 1808. Boina became tributary to Madagascar around 1820.

1808 Pretender Maka Andrianaresy of Boina (Madagascar)

1808-17 Regent H.H. Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Tulsi Bai Sahiba of Indore (India)

Governed in the name of her husband, Jaswant Rao Holkar, who after the defeat of Scindia of Gwalior in 1803, took on the British forces and defeated Col. William Monson and besieged Delhi. He was however, defeated by Gen. Gerard (Lord) Lake at Dig and Farrukhabad in November of 1804, and was compelled to make peace a year later. Soon after, he became insane and died in 1811. Afterwards she was regent for Malhar Rao III Holkar (1801- 1833), until she was deposed and beheaded on the banks of the Sipra and her remains thrown into the river, 20^th December 1817. The new regent was Rani Krishnabai. She was daughter of Ajiba, a priest of the Manbhoo sect.

Actual leader of the government during her husband, Joachim Murat's participation in the fighting in France. They were Duke and Duchess of Berg 1806-08. She lived (1782-1839).

1808-17 Politically Influential Nakşidil Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, Greece, The Balcans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)

1809-11 Rani Regnant Devammaji of Coorg (India)

Her father, Vira Raja, left her as his successor. Her uncle, Linga Raja, however, after acting as regent in her name, announced in 1811, his own assumption of the government. He died in 1820, and was succeeded by his son Vira Raja, a youth of twenty, and a monster of sensuality and cruelty. Among his victims were all the members of the families of his predecessors, including Devammaji, and in 1834 the British deposed him. Coorg or Kodagu was an ancient kingdom in present day's Karnataka, and the area is inhabited by many ethnic minorities.

1809-26 Payung e-ri Luwu We Tenriawaru of Luwu (Indonesia)

Succeeded Abdullah La Tenripappang, and married Adatuang La Paonrowang of Soppeng (1782-1820).

Circa 1809-25 Presidentessa of the  Republiqueta Juana Azurduy de Padilla of the Eastern Region (Bolivia)

Together with her husband, Manuel Ascencio Padilla (1774-1816), she was co-ruler of the Eastern Bolivian area on the boarder to Argentina that was established during the wars for independence. When Bolivia declared its independence in 1809, her husband and she raised a small army to fight for an independent republic. Her husband was killed early into the war, but she continued to fight against royalist forces until Bolivia became an independent republic in 1826 when Spanish forces were finally overthrown. Juana Azurduy had managed to form a small "republiqueta" (little republic) with the territory her small army held. This republiqueta was basically under siege from 1810 until 1825 when other republican armies under Simon Bolivar were able to join her remote forces. She lived (1781-1862). 

1809-circa 19 5^th Asantehemaa Nana Adoma Akosua of Asante (Ghana)
1814 Regent

As Asantehemaa, or Queen mother, during the reign of Osei Tutu Kwame Asiba (1804-24), she was left in charge of the government while the king went to the coast to visit his troops on the battlefield there. In the period, Adoma Akosua received a Dutch embassy with which she discussed trade. Succeeded on the post by cousin, Ama Sewaa, and lived (1765-1819). 

1809-18 Leader of the Gustavian Party Queen Charlotta von Holstein-Gottorp of Sweden

In 1809 her husband, Karl XIII became king after his nephew, Gustav IV Adolf, had been deposed. Karl had been regent for Gustav Adolf during his minority 1792-96. She became leader of the Gustavian Party, and worked for the declaration Gustav Adolf's son, prince Gustav as king, with her husband as regent. She was politically influential also because her husband had a stroke shortly after ascending to the throne. The following year, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg was elected as heir to the throne and assumed the name Karl August. He died the same year and subsequently Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was elected heir and adopted by her and her husband, but they never had a close relationship since she still preferred prince Gustaf as heir. Hedwig Elisabeth Charlotta was mother of one son who died one week old, and died 6 months after her husband, having lived (1759-1818).

1810-53 Junior Rani H.H. Sri Patmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Dyumani Raja Rajeshwari Rani Gouri Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)
1815-29 Regent of Travancore

When her elder sister Regent Maharani Gowri Lakshmi Bayi died after childbirth in 1815 she was only thirteen years of age and being the only female left in the family, besides her deceased sister's little daughter, she became Regent Maharani on behalf of her nephew, the heir, Maharajah Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. She was on her accession actively counselled by her brother in law, Raja Raja Varma of the Changanssery Royal family as well as her husband, Raghava Varma, who belonged to the Royal family of Kilimanoor. Her first act was to appoint a new Dewan, and she continued the reforms of her older sister. Christians got more freedom and some of the restrictions put on some of the lower castes were removed, she also introduced health reforms. er mother, Princes Atham of the Travancore, was the Senior Rani of Attingal. Her first husband was Raghava Varma of the Kilimanoor Royal family and after his death she married his brother After his death in 1824, she married again, but did not have any children. She lived (1802-53).

1810-26 Regent Dowager Princess I Pancaitana Aru Pancana of Tanette (Indonesia)

After the death of her husband, La Maddusila Abdul Kadir Muhyuddin, she governed in the name of her son, La Patau Abdullah Saipu Aru Pancana.

1810-12 Deshmukh Regnant Renuka Bai of Jath (India)

Was succeeded by Deshmukh Regnant Sali Bai of Jath. 

1810 Regent Queen Hortense de Beauharnais of The Netherlands
1813-37 Titular Duchess of Saint-Leu

In 1810 her husband, Louis Bonaparte abdicated as king in favour of their second surviving son, Napoleon Louis (b. 1804) after four years on the throne, and appointed her as regent, before going into exile. The following year she gave birth to a fourth son who was put in the care of his paternal grandmother, Madame de Souza. After Napoleon I's surrender, she received the title of Duchesse de Saint-Leu, and lost the rank of Queen. Her husband only received the title of Count de Saint-Leu. In 1814 she and Louis Napoleon were divorced. Her third son Louis Napoleon was later first elected President and then became emperor Napoleon III of France. Hortense was daughter of Vicomte Alexander de Beauharnais and the later Empress Joséphine (see below), and she spend the years from five to 10 on Martinique when her parents separated. She lived (1783-1837).

1810-14 Titular Duchess Joséphine de Beauharnais of Navarre (France)

After her divorce from Napoleon I Bonaparte, she was given the title of Duchess de Navarre after a castle in Normandy. Born as Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie at Martinique, she lived (1763-1814).

1810 Guerrilla Leader Gertrudis Bocanegra Mendoza in Mexico

One of the leaders in the Mexican war of independence against the Spanish, she lived (1765-1817).

1810-19 Politically Influential Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna Romanova in Russia

Took active part in the government during the reign of her brother, Alexander I of Russia. After their marriage in 1809 her husband, Georg von Oldenburg (1784-1812) was appointed Governor-General of Tver province and she took an active part in his reign. When Napoleon annexed the German territories on the Baltic, including her husband's Grand Duchy, her brother protested against what he considered a personal offence, and together with other events this resulted in the war between France and Russia. The Tsar adopted the reactionary ideas of a patriotic group, which she dominated, and during the Napoleonic Wars in 1812-15 she formed a special regiment of chasseurs. In 1812 some conspirators planned to deposed Tsar Alexander and put her on the throne. 1816 she married her cousin King Wilhelm of Wurttemberg and she dedicated her time on establishing charitable institution, education and culture. The daughter of Pavel I Petrovich Romanov, Tsar of Russia and Sophie Marie Dorothea von Württemberg, known as Tsarina Maria Fyodorovna, she was mother of two sons by her first husband, and two daughters by her second, and lived (1788-1819).

1810-60 Politically Influential Abbess Juliane Louise Amelia of Hessen-Kassel of Itzehoe in Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)

Because of her involvement in social charities, development of health facilities etc., she became very influential in the Northern state in Germany. Itzehoe was a Protestant Adeliches Damenstift (Noble Ladies' Chapter). It was never an independent ecclesiastical territory, but it was important as a major landowner. She was daughter of Landgrave Karl von Hessen-Kassel and Louise of Denmark, and lived (1773-1861).

1811 Ratu Kenchanawulan of Sepuh (Indonesia)  

The principality was situated in Mataram at Java.

1811-25 Naval Commander and Resistance Leader Laskarina Bouboulina in Greece

Dominated the naval operations of the War of Independence in 1821. After her husband, Bouboulis was killed during a battle with Algerian pirate ships in 1811; she took over his trading operations and the preparation for the revolution. She became a member of the “Filiki Etaireia”, the secret organization which was preparing the revolution all over Europe, and had the “Agamemnon”, her flagship, and three more war ships built at her own expenses. Finally, she boarded the “Agamemnon’ and personally took part in the sieges of Nafplion and Monemvasia by sea, as well as in the sacking of Tripolis by land. She took part in the battle of Argos and other battles of the Peloponese at the head of her own private army. The Daughter of the Hydriot captain Stavrianos Pinotsis, she was born in the prison of Constantinople, and she murdered during a family feud. She lived (1771-1825).

1812-23 Deshmukh Sali Bai of Jath (India)

Succeeded Renuka Bai (1810-12) and was succeeded by Maharanja Ram Rao, who reigned until 1827.

1812-13 Regent Sri Rani Aus Kaur Sahiba of Patiala (India)
1813-15 Regent Dowager Rani Prapataph Sinha Bajaji

First took over the regency during the illness of her husband, Maharaja Karam Singh (1781-1813-45), after his death, she administered the state during the minority of her son, later retiring to her estate at Sanaur, about 7 km south of Patiala, where she spent the last years of her life. She was daughter of Sardar Gurdus Singh Chattah, and lived (1772-1821).

1812-19 Dowager Tengku Puteri Raja Hamidah binti Raja Haji of Johor (Malaysia)

Her husband, H.H. Sultan Mahmud III Shah Alam ibni al-Marhum Sultan 'Abdu'l Jalil Shah, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-'Alam, died without naming a heir in 1811. It seems that Hamidah was one of the actors in the succession struggle, which resulted in her stepson, H.H. Sultan Husain Mu'azzam Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah Alam, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-'Alam, ascending the throne in 1819. She was daughter of Raja Haji bin Raja Chelak, 4th Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau, and (d. 1844).

1812-13 Regent Empress Marie-Louise von Habsburg-Lothringen of France
1814-47 Sovereign Duchess of Parma, Piacenza and Gaustalla (Italy)

1812-34 Politically Influential Princess Dorothea von Lieven in England and Russia

Arrived in London in 1812 with her husband, the Russian ambassador, Fürst Christoph von Lieven (1777-1839). She supported him loyally and, having made a position for herself in English society, began to render him invaluable service in furthering Russian foreign policy. She identified those political figures that could be of use and applied herself to persuading or manipulating them. Her choice of lovers was dictated entirely by her perception of Russia’s interests, and included Metternich, Wellington, Aberdeen, Canning, Grey and Guizot. She was the spider at the heart of a fine and complex web. In the 1820s the sessions of the Congress of Verona actually took place in her drawing room, and she acted as a conduit between diplomats and brought together ministers who misunderstood or distrusted each other. Among others she had a significant role in ending Britain’s isolation under Canning and in avoiding a European crisis over the Greek question in the mid-1820s. She was intimate with George IV and badgered prime ministers and influenced the shape of their cabinets. The Russian interests she served had broadly coincided with British ones to begin with, but they began to diverge, and the crises of 1830 over the revolutions in France, Belgium and Poland revealed just how far removed absolutist Russia’s policies were from the liberal instincts of British society. By the time of her husband’s recall in 1834, Dorothea’s position had become untenable. "There never figured on the Courtly stage, a female intriguer more restless, more arrogant, more mischievous, more (politically, and therefore we mean it not offensively) odious than this supercilious Ambassadress," ran a scorching valediction in The Times. She was employed at the Russian court until 1837 when she moved to France to live with her new lover, the French statesman François Guizot, with whom she remained for the next 20 years. She was born into the Baltic baronial family von Benckendorff, mother of 6 children (none of whom married) and lived (1785-1857).

Also known as Gonzali led Njore Djawa or Nyora Djawa which means woman from Java, she was probably regent for her minor son Don Lorenzo I (b. circa 1803). She was the 2nd wife of Raja Don Andre I (Pandai I) Diaz Viera Gondinho, who had succeeded his brother Raja Dom Manuel (Kaka Dower Ama) in 1812. They were the grandsons of Raja Adobala/Olle Adeballa (8th ruler of Larantoeka/Larantuka), who became Roman Catholic in 1645 and changed his name to Raja Don Francisco Dias Viera Godinho. Lorenza's son might have been declared king already in 1812. He ruled for sure in 1831-1838 and died 1849. In the Portuguese time his title was colonel-rei. He was also called Raja Buga.

1813-14 Titular Duchess Joséphine von Leuchtenberg of Galliera (Italy)

1814-15 Regent Queen Marie Sofie Frederikke zu Hessen-Kassel of Denmark

Queen Marie was left in charge of the government during the participation of her husband, Frederik 6 in the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic wars. She was mother of 8 children, but only two daughters survived and her husband was therefore succeeded by nephew in 1839. She lived (1767-1852).

1814-24 H.H Karaeng Bontomasugi Sultana Siti Saleh II of Tallo (Indonesia)

Succeeded her father H.H. I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din and married to La Potto, Datu Baringang and Prince of Bone. Her ceremonial name was Tumenanga-ri-Kanatojenna.

1814-37 Politically Influential Badshah Begum of Oudh (Avadh) (India)

1814-16 Guardian Dowager Duchess Louise-Augusta af Danmark of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Augustenborg (Denmark/Germany)

1815-ca 56 Sultan Dewa Agung Isteri Kaina of Klungkung (Indonesia)
1849-circa 56 Susuhuna (Empress) of Bali and Lombok

Ruled jointly with Dewa Agung Gede Putra II until 1851 and with Dewa Agung Putra III (1851-1903). 1849 The Dutch colonial powers granted them the title of Emperor and Empress. The region is known as the "Land of thousand ditches". This name pictures that most of the areas consist of wetland, rives streams and swamps. And small ditches, plotting the coconut plantation land which is the vegetation of the local people. Inhil community in general is of Malay culture. Nevertheless, there are also outsiders in this area from Banjar and Bugis ethnics. These outsiders then settling one generation to another, and producing a cultural form, which is the combination of Riau Malay culture and Banjar and Bugis culture.

1815-16 The Ndlovukati Lakubheka Mndzebele of Swaziland

The Queen Mother was the widow of Ndvungunye (1780-1815) and after his death she adopted Sobhuza I and named him king. She then became Joint Head of State.

1815-27 Queen Mother Ndlorukazi Nandi of the Zulu Kingdom (South Africa)

Mother of Shaka Zulu. At some point they were forced into exile, but she managed to maintain her son's position.

1815-? Senior Rani Gowri Rukmini Bayi of Attingal in Travancore (India)

succeeded to the title of Senior Rani of Attingal after the death of her mother, the Queen Regent, Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai. Apart from her aunt, who was regent 1815-29, she only female in the matriarchal Travancore Royal Family, she married Rama Varma Koil Thampuran of Thiruvalla Royal Family in 1819 and had seven children, five sons and two daughters. One of these daughters died soon while the other married and had two sons, including Moolam Thirunal Sir Rama Varma. In 1888 two princesses were adopted from the Mavelikara Royal family into Travancore. (b. 1809-?).

Circa 1816-? Iyoba Omozogie of Uselu in Benin (Nigeria)

Mother of Osemwede of Benin (1815-48). She is said to have been very wealthy and to have assisted her son's conquests of outlying areas. 

1817-24 Queen Mother Monyale a Mothaba of baTlôkwa (South Africa)

Later she was called MmaNtatise Sia Mosayane and was succeeded by king Sekonyela a Mokotjo.

1817-26 The 24th Okyehene and the Ohemaa Nana Afia Dokuaa of Okyeman (Akyem Abuakwa)  (Ghana)

The first and only woman to hold the office of ruler as well as that of Ohemaa (Queen mother) in the history of Akyem Abuakwa, and ascended the Ofori stool in 1817 in lieu of a male heir to her uncle, Kofi Asante (1811-1816). She maintained the tradition of resistance to Asante overlordship and joined an anti-Asante alliance of coastal chiefs and the British Administration on the coast. She personally fought at the head of the Akyem Abuakwa contingent at the battle of Katamanso in 1826. It was the allied victory at Datamanso and the ensuing Treaty of 1831 that liberated Akyem Abuakwa and the Southern states from Asante’s claims to suzerainty over them. Nana Dokua was also a first class administrator. She set up towns and villages into the present divisions for the purposes of war and administration, as well as preventing break-ups or revolts in her kingdom. She married Barima Twum Ampofo of the Oyoko clan of Barekeseso in Ashanti, whom she made the Asiakwahene. She had two male twins, who successively became kings after her death.

1817-18 Regent Rani Krishnabai Holkar of Indore (India)

Followed Rani Tulsabai as regent for Malhar Rao III Holkar (1801-11-1833). The City of Indore became the capital of the Indore princely state in 1818 after the British forces under Sir John Malcolm defeated the Holkar forces under her command. She signed the treaty of Mandsaur by which the control of Indore went in the hand of the East India Company.

1818-58 Kpojito Agontime of Abomey (Benin)

1818-92 Chief Political Advisor Mariam of Kano (Nigeria)

1819-32 Kuhina Nui Queen Elizabeth Ka'ahumanu I of Hawaiian Islands (USA)
1823-24 Sole Regent of the Kingdom
1824-32 Regent of the Kingdom

First married to Kamehameha I, whom her father had served as Councillor. She supported him in his efforts to unite the islands of the archipelago under his central authority and shared largely in their governance. After her husband's death in 1819, she became Kuhina nui (premier) to his successor, Liholiho Kamehameha II, and instigated many reforms. She worked in particular to overcome the taboos placed on women in the islanders' traditional religion and scored a major victory in persuading Kamehameha II to eat publicly with women. When Liholiho went to England in 1823 she was appointed regent until Kaukeouali Kamehameha III should come of age. To ensure the Kamehameha line, she married the two leading contenders for the throne, King Kuamalii of Kauai and his son. She worked closely with the Christian missionaries and was baptized in 1825. She travelled much among the islands, promoting the evangelizing and educational work of the missionaries, until her death. She lived (1772-1832).

1819-28 De facto Ruler Duchess Sopio of Guria (Georgia)
1828-29 Regent

Also known as Sophia Giorgevna, she was wife of Mamia V Guriel i(1789-1804-23) since 1814, she acted as de-facto regent when he was away in Russian military service. After he died, she ruled in the name of their son, Duke Davit (1815-23-29-39). She sided with the Turks in the Russo-Turkish War and fled to Trebizond in 1829, where she died the same year. She was daughter of Prince Giorgi Tzulukidze, and also mother of three daughters who were all taken to Moscow. In 1830 the state was annexed by Russia.

1819-38 Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded her mother, Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II. In 1824 she made a formal written recognition of the suzerainty of the East India Company over the Island of Minicoy, which her mother had been forced to transfer in 1790. She and her successors, however, continued the tributary arrangement. Mariabe was succeeded by daughter, Rani Hayashabe, who was first succeeded by son and in 1907 her daughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne.

1819-44 Regent Dowager Begum Kudsiyya Begum of Bhopal (India)

HH Qusida Begum Sahiba, Gohar Begum or Princess Qudsia took as ruler after the assassination of her husband, Mawab Nazar Mohammad Khan. Although she was illiterate, she was brave and refused to follow the purdah tradition. She declared that her 2 year old daughter Sikander will follow her as the ruler. None of the male family members dared to challenge her decision. She had a difficult relationship with the British, recognizing the importance of maintaining good relations with them, but the other hand she resented their inference in her government. Resigned in favour of daughter, and lived (1801-81).

1819-34 Regent H.H. Maji Sahiba Shri Batianji II Maharani Sahiba of Jaipur (India)

Reigned in the name of her son H.H. Saramad-i-Raja-i-Hindustan, Raj Rajeshwar Shri Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sawai Shri Jai Singh II Bahadur, Maharaja of Jaipur, who was born after his father's death. (d. 1834).

1819-22 Joint Regent Dowager Rani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Savitri Bai Raje Sahib Bhonsle of Savantvadi (India)

Third widow of Raja Shrimant Khem Savant III Bhonsle Bahadur to be regent of the state after Durga Bai Raje Sahib Bhonsle.

Circa 1819-24/33 6^th Asantehemaa Nana Ama Sewaa of Asante (Ghana)

As Asantehemaa, or Queen mother, during the reigns of Osei Tutu Kwame Asiba (1804-24) and perhaps also trough that of Osei Yaw Akoto (1824-34), she acted as counsel, political acumen, historical perspective, and detailed knowledge of royal genealogy. She also helped to maintain the delicate balance of power between the elite and the powerful chiefs of the federated states. She was mother of King Nana Kwaku Dua I and Asanthemaa Nana Afia Sarpong, and lived (1763-1824/33).  

Around 1820 Politically Influential Julia da Silva Cardoso in Guinea Bissau

The wife of Governor Joaquim Antonio de Matros of Guinea Buissau, she held high status in the local society, deriving a special status from her Bijago roots, and she could also claim authority from her Bissau background in relation to the neighbouring Pepel, on one occasion, when the Pepel threatened to attach the Bissau settlement: “Governor’s wife was sent to the Papels, the conferences which she held with king Joseph.” On another occation the sources said: “The donation of the island of Gallinhas to the Portuguese Crown in 1830 was greatly influenced by De Mattos’ partner, descendant from the Bijago and with whom he had children, a highly respected person, Julia da Silva Cardoso.” Not only was she instrumental in negotiating the granting of settlements rights to the island of Gallinhas, she had also performed the same service two years earlier with respect to the island of Bolama. The two treaties were both made with an olono (king) of Kanabak (Roxa), Damiao, who actually “donated” the island to De Mattes. She was the aunt of the Reigning Okinka Aurelia Correia of the island of Orango Grande (circa 1830-1874/1879).

Around 1820 Princess Fatafehi Ha'apai, Tu'i Tonga Fefine, Tonga

The last of four sisters on the post of Tu'i Tonga Fefine and the last holder of the title all together. As Tu'i Tonga Fefine she held higher rank than her father, her mother or her brothers. She was considered to be abowe marriage, but could take the lovers she wanted.

After 1820 Princess Fatafehi Latufuipeka, Tamaha, Tonga

Daughter of Princess Nanasipau'u, Tu'i Tonga Fefine and, Latunipulu'i-teafua. She first married H.H.Tupou Lahisi', 10^th Tu'i Konokupolo, son of Tu'ihalafata'i, 9^th Tu'i Konokupolo. Her second husband was Kahomovailahi, 3^rd Tu'ita and the third was Kiuve'etaha Tu'alau. She had three sons and two daughters by her second husband and one daughter by her third. Succeeded as Tamaha by half-sister Princess 'Amelia Fakahiku-'o-'uiha, Tamaha. As Tamaha, the highest spiritual dignity in the country, to whom her mother, the Tu'i Tonga Fefine, and grandfather, the Tu'i Tonga, paid homage.

1820-28 Datuk Regnant Wa Tan-ri-a-Wani Aru Lapajung  of Soppeng  (Indonesia)

Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri-Barunga. Succeeded by the male ruler, Datuk Patiro.

1820-1855 Ras Regnant Bezebesh of Marra Biet (Ethiopia)

Married to Ras Shale Selassi of Shawa in 1840 and became his advisor until they were both deposed. The state was conquered by Emperor Tewodro II.

1820-24 Opposition Leader Queen Carlota Joaquima de Borbón y Borbón of Portugal in Brazil

In 1808, she tried to become Regent of Spain after her father, Carlos IV, abdicated after the Napoleonic forces invaded the country. In Brazil she was leader of the absolutist opposition together with son, Dom Miguel, during her husband, Emperor João VIs stay in Portugal. In a convent 1824-26 until her son became regent for Maria II da Gloria. Carlota Joaquima lived (1775-1830).

1821-24 Member of the Council of State Queen Maria Teresa d'Asburgo-Este of Sardegna and Piemont (Italy)

In 1788 she married the later King Vittorio Emanuele I de Savoia of Sardinia (1759-1824), who succeeded his brother, who abdicated in 1802. During the Napoleonic Wars the family lost much of their territories. In 1821 a riot broke out and she became a member of the Inner Council, and accepted to act as regent if needed. Two years later her husband abdicated in favour of his younger brother, she moved to her son-in-law in Modena, where she died. She was daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Karl Anton von Habsburg and Maria Beatrix d'Este, Duchess of Modena, Massa e Carrara, mother of a son, who died young, and four daughters, and lived (1773-1832).

1822 Regent Empress Leopoldine of Habsburg of Brazil

In charge of the government during her husband, Dom Pedro de Braganza's, stay in Portugal and presided over the Council of Ministers, which declared the country independent, and her husband became Emperor Pedro I of Brazil. He was king of Portugal for a few months in 1826 until he abdicated in favour of their daughter, Maria II da Gloria. Their son, Pedro, succeeded him as emperor in 1834. Leopoldine was daughter of Emperor Franz I of Austria and her sister, Marie-Louise was married to Napoleon I of France. She lived (1797-1826).

1822-29 Politically Influential Domitília de Castro Couto e Mello in Brazil

Very influential during the reign of her lover, Emperor Pedro I (1798-1834). Her interference in the government was one of the factors that contributed to the unpopularity of the Emperor, which eventually led to his downfall. She was married to Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça (1789-1833) at the age of 16 and mother of a son and a daughter but in 1822 she met the emperor and was employed at court and in 1824 she was created Baroness de Santos, 1825 Viscountess de Santos and 1826 Marquesa de Santos. The couple had five children: A still-born baby in 1823, Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira, Duchess de Goiás (1824), Pedro de Alcântara Brasileiro (1825-1826), Maria Isabel de Alcântara Brasileira, Duchess do Ceará (1827), Maria Isabel II de Alcântara Brasileira, Countess of Iguaçu (1830/1896), The three daughters were educated with the imperial children. Leopoldina, the empress, died in 1826 due to complications caused by an abortion. The public opinion held the marchioness responsible for the grievances and humiliations that the Empress had to endure, and Pedro was forced to find a suitable wife. In 1829 he married Princess Amelie of Leuchtemberg, she left court, and married Rafael Tobias de Aguiar (1794-1857) with whom she had four sons. Her sister was another of Pedro's many mistresses; she was named Baroness of Sorocaba and had a child with him. They were daughters of Viscount João de Castro Canto e Mello and Escolástica Bonifácio de Toledo Ribas. Domitília lived (1797-1867).

1823-35 H.H. -Manéng Paduka Sri Ratu Sultana Salima Rajiat ud-din, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia)

Another version of her name is I-Manéng Paduka Sri Ratu Sultana Salima Rajiat ud-din [Matinroé-ri Kassi]. She was styled Arung Data before her accession. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Kassi, she was unmarried and succeeded by brother, La Mapaseling Sultan Adam Nazim ud-din.

1823-26 Member of the Council of Regency Radin Ajeng Sepuh of Yogyakarta (Indonesia)

1823-26 Member of the Council of Regency Radin Ayu Adipati Anum of Yogyakarta (Indonesia)

Circa 1823-1834 Reigning Princess Bahu Bike of Avaristan (Russia)

Until 1823-35 Paramount Chieftainess Hinematioro of the Ngati Pirou (New Zealand)

The Ngati Pirou is a Maori group of some forty tribes. Hinematioro's mana was recognized from Poverty Bay to Hicks Bay.

1824-35 Regent HH Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Rani Bhawani Bai Sahiba of Dewas (Senior) (India)

After the death of her husband, Tukaji Rao II Puar (1789-1824) she reigned in the name of her adopted son, Rukmangad Krishnaji Rao II Puar, who was also known as Khasi Sahib (1824-60). She (d. 1865).

1824 and 1825-27 Datuk Regnant Daeng Tanisanga of Tanette (Indonesia)

Replaced her brother, Abdullah Saipu Aru Pancana La Patua, who reigned 1807-24, 1824-25 and again 1827-40. She abdicated in 1827.

Around 1824 Adatuwang Regnant Fatima Daeng Matene of Sawito   (Indonesia)

Daughter of Adatuang La Kuning Ahmad, who was also Datu of Suppa, and married to La Badella Arung Batupute. She was succeeded by her brother, Adatuang La Cebu, who ruled before 1831-1870. Another brother, La Tenri alias La Bampe was Datu of Suppa until 1830, and a brother and sister were Arungs of Alitta - perhaps the sister was La Patta Cabalai.

1824/33-1835 7^th  Asantehemaa Yaa Dufie of Asante (Ghana)

Queen mother, during the reigns of Osei Yaw Akoto (1824-34), and Kwaku Dua I Panyin (circa 1797-1834-67). She was succeeded on the post by her cousin, Nana Afia Sarpong, and lived (1770-1835).  

1824-27 and 1830-33 Reigning Abbess-General María Tomasa Orense Rábago of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)

1825 Toifale, Tui ‘Uvea of Uvea (Wallis and Fortuna, French External Territory)

1825 was the year of many rulers in the principality at the Island of Wallis. King Muliakaaka was succeeded by Uhila moafa, who was again succeeded by Queen Toifale. She was succeeded by king Mulitoto, who reigned until 1826.

1825-37 Regent Dowager Nawab Sardar Bibi Sahiba of Radhanpur (India)

After the death of her husband, H.H. Nawab Sher Khan Sahib Bahadur (1794-1813-25), she managed the affairs of state in the name of her infant stepson, H.H. Nawab Muhammad Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadurn (1822-25-74).

1825-27 Regent Dowager Nawab Musharraf Begum Sahiba of Jaora (India)

After the death of her husband, Nawab 'Abdu'l Ghafur Muhammad Khan Bahadur, she was regent her step-son, Nawab Ghaus Muhammad Khan Bahadur (1823-25-65), who was then placed under a series of regents and guardians until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers, 1842. She was daughter of Nawab Akhund Muhammad Ayaz Khan and her sister was the wife of Emperor Bahadur Shah of Delhi (d. 1865).

1825 Guerrilla Leader Ana Monterrosso de Lavalleja in Uruguay

Leader of the "Thirty-three Orientales", a guerrilla force that fought the Spanish in Uruguay. 

1826-35 H.H. Maharani Sri Maji Sahiba Gangawaue Miraj Kaur of Bharatpur (Delhi) (India)

Widow of  H.H. Maharaja Shri Brijendra Sawai Baldeo Singhji Bahadur Jung (1823-25), and regent for son until she was deposed.

1826-72 Politically Influential Archduchess Sophia von Bayern of Austria-Hungary

Influential during the reign of her father-in-law, emperor Franz (1804-35), brother-in-law Ferdinand (1835-48). And she persuaded her husband to stand back and let their son, Franz Joseph I (1848-1916), become Emperor in 1848, and she continued to be influential during his reign. She lived (1809-72). 

1827-77 Queen Ari'i rahi 'Aimata Pomare IV Vahine-o-Punuateraitua, By the Grace of God, Queen of Tahiti, Moorea and its dependencies
1847-77 Queen of the Society Islands and their Dependencies (French Polynesia)

1836 she expelled the catholic missionaries, but France sent a warship to Tahiti to demand a guarantee that Frenchmen would thereafter be treated as the "most favoured foreigners" in Tahiti. Queen Pomare politely agreed, but as soon as the warship left Papeete, she sent a letter to Queen Victoria, asking for British protection. Britain declined to interfere, which opened the door for a Frenchman to trick several Tahitian chiefs into signing a document requesting that Tahiti be made a protectorate of France. The French were in fact interested in a South Pacific port, and when word of the document reached Paris, a ship was dispatched to Papeete. Tahiti became a French protectorate in 1842. Unaware of the document she continued to resist. Her subjects launched an armed rebellion against the French troops, who surrounded her Papeete palace and forced her to retreat to Raiatea. The fighting continued until 1846, when the last Tahitian stronghold was captured and the remnants of their guerrilla bands retreated to Tahiti Iti, the island's eastern peninsula. Giving up the struggle in 1847, the she returned to the capital and ruled as a figurehead until her death 30 years later. She succeeded half brother, Pomare III, and lived (1812-77).

1827-33 Regent HH Dowager Maharani Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Baiza Bai Raje Sahiba of Gwalior (India)

Ruled in the name of her adopted son, Jankoji Rao II Scindia, until she was expelled from the kingdom in 1833. Daughter of Meherban Shrimant Rajamanya Rajashri Tuljoji Rao Ghatge, Sarje Rao, Chief of Kagal (d. 1862).

1828-43-? Chief Mali I of Khaha (South Africa)

After she became chief, she modelled the state after the President set by the rain-Queen of Lovedu, who remained unwed. Mali was succeeded by son.

1828-61 Queen Ranavalona I Rabodoandrianampoinimerina (Ramavo) of Madagascar

Also known as Ranavalo-Manjka I or Ranavalona I. She was married when she was almost a child to Radama, king of the "Hovas" and was accused of poisoning her husband in agreement with the protestant English missionaries. Radama left no descendants so English missionaries made their way to help her to gain the throne. After she became Queen, Ranavalona soon had most of her family relatives assassinated; she expelled foreigners and extended her rule all over the Island, with her 20.000 men Army. She died hated home and outside. She had her lover Rainitaiarivoy (1828-96) named Prime Minister. She was mother of King Radama II, and lived (1782/92-1861).

1828-29 Regent Princess Oantitsy of Boina (Madagascar)
1838-36 Queen Regnant

Andriantsoly was king (1822-32) until he was deposed and permanently replaced by her. She was succeeded by Queen Tsiomeko. 

Around 1828 Chief Sheha Mwana wa Mwana of Tumbatu (North Zanzibar)

Also known as Khadija bint Nwale, she succeeded father as Sheik of the state in North Zanzibar. Married to Hassan II of Zanzibar who reigned before 1828 until 1845.

1829-33 Politically Influential Francisca Zubiaga y Bernales in Peru

Also known as 'La Mariscala', she was so influential during the tenure of her husband, Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, that she became known as La Presidenta. She was his primary advisor and co-worker and intervened actively in situations of crisis. She lived (1802-35).

Before 1829 Rani Regnant U Ka Mtabai of Nobo Sohphok Khasi  (India)

Head of a tribal state in the mountains at the foot of the Himalayas in Assam.

1829-31 Governor Kuini Liliha of Oahu, Hawaii (USA)

When her third husband, The Hon Alii Boki (Poki Kama'ule'ule), went off to the New Hebrides to harvest sandalwood, he entrusted her with the administration. One of her new responsibilities was to become legal guardian and sole trustee of the properties of Kamehameha III, who became king as a child. This was opposed by the Regent, Queen Kaahumanu. When her husband and his entourage of chiefs were lost at sea and pronounced dead, she was left permanently in administration as royal governor. Her second husband had been Prince Kahalaia Luanu'u. She (d. 1839).

Circa 1830-51 Member of the Council of Chiefs Woman Chief Pine Leaf of the Crow Tribe (USA)

Born in the Gros Ventre tribe, she was captured by the Crow about the age of 10 and adopted by a man who had lost his sons to conflicts with the Blackfoot. She achieved the status of warrior when she single-handedly turned a Blackfoot ambush in order to protect a fort that was sheltering both Crow and white families. Her victories were many, and were counted by her growing herd of horses and the scalp locks she collected. She was made a part of the Council of Chiefs and became known as Woman Chief. So powerful was she that she was ranked third in a band of 160 lodges.  She acquired four women who took care of her home, her holdings, and performed the womanly duties she had no taste for. White men who crossed Pine Leaf's path along the fur trade route were totally confounded by her. Since there was nothing in their own cultures they could compare to Pine Leaf, she became known as the Absaroka Amazon among the white traders. Following the Treaty of Laramie in 1851, Pine Leaf gave up her warrior ways to became active in peacemaking with the tribes of the upper Missouri and often visited her own people, the Gros Ventre. While there was an uneasy peace, which lasted for several years, Pine Leaf was ambushed and killed by her own blood - the Gros Ventre. She lived (circa 1806-58).

1830 Regent Queen Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen of United Kingdom and Ireland

Apparently regent shortly after her husband, William IV succeeded to the throne in 1830. She was mother of two daughters, Charlotte (1819) and Elizabeth (1820-21) and three stillborn children. She focused on charity work, cared for widows and orphans, the poor and the sick, and she also introduced the German Christmas to England. She was born as Adelheid zu Sachsen-Meiningen, as daughter of Louise Eleonora, who was regent (1803-21), and lived (1792-1849).

1831-40 Regent Princess Menem Leben Amande of Yejje (Ethiopia)

For son Ras Ali Aula. In 1840 she married Yohannes II and became Empress of Ethiopia. She must have become very powerful, because in 1842 he launched a rebellion against her. Menem was beaten by Melenik II in 1847.

1831-41 Regent Nawab Yamuna Bibi Sahiba of Balasinor (India)

After the death of her husband, Nawab Shri Jalal [Edul Khan] Sahib Bahadur, she reigned in the name of her son Nawab Shri Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadur.

1831 Head of Diplomatic Missions Akyaawaa Oyiakwan for Asante (Ghana)

A daughter of the the Asante King, Asantehene Osei Kwadwo (1764-77), she headed two different diplomatic missions that successfully negotiated the Maclean Treaty in April 1831 with the British and with the Danes at Christiansborg Castle in August of the same year. (b. circa 1774).

Before 1831-39 Prophetess Lady Hestor Stahorpe, The
Druze in Lebanon

Left England in 1810, travelled in the Levant, adopting Eastern male dress and a religion that was a composite of Christianity and Islam. She finally settled among the Druze of the Lebanon Mountains in an abandoned convent that she rebuilt and fortified. The indigenous population regarded her as a prophetess, as, in time, she came to regard herself; she incited them to resist an Egyptian invasion of Syria in 1831. European travellers, including A. M. L. de Lamartine and A. W. Kinglake, wrote accounts of their visits to her. She lived (1776–1839).

1831-45 Magistrate of Ka'u and South Kona H.H. Princess Kapi'olani of Hilo (USA)

Daughter of Chiefess Kekikipaa married several husbands, including Kamehameha I and her half-brother, The Hon. Naihe (d. 1831). She lived (circa 1781-1841). 

1832-39 Kuhina Nui H.R.H. Princess Kalani-Ahumanu-i-Kaliko-o-Iwi-Kauhipua-o-Kina'u Ka'ahumanu II
1832-33 Regent of the Kingdom

Kīna'u was first married to her half-brother Lihohilo Kamehameha II, King of the Hawaiian Islands (1797-1824), secondly her cousin, Prince Kahalaia Luanu'u, Prince Mataio Kekuanao'a, who was Governor of Oahu 1834-1868 and Premier from 1863 until the promulgation of the new constitution in 1864. She was regent for half brother Kamehameha III Kauikeaouli (1814-1824-54). Their children included both Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. Following the death of her aunt, Kaohumareu in 1832, she assumed the position of Kuhina Nui, and her term of office was marked by discord as the young King Kamehameha III, her half-brother, struggled with her and the chiefs for political power. She was responsible for enforcing Hawai‘i’s first penal code, proclaimed by the King in 1835. She became a Christian in 1830, and was involved in the persecution of Hawaiian Catholics and attempts to expel French priests. This contributed to a diplomatic confrontation with France that threatened Hawaiian sovereignty. Mother of five sons and one daughter, and lived  (1805/07-39).

1832 Coup Leader Duchess Marie Caroline Ferdinande Louise de Borbone de Berry in France

Went into exile from France after the overthrow of King Charles X, her father-in-law. Returning secretly in 1832, she organized a small, unsuccessful uprising in an attempt to win the throne her son Henri, later known as the Comte de Chambord, who was born almost eight months after the assassination of her husband, the French prince, Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry. For these activities she was imprisoned. However, when it became obvious that the Duchesse was pregnant, she was forced to reveal her secret second marriage to an Italian count. This marriage alienated her royalist supporters, and the French government released her from prison, but she was sent into exile again. She was daughter of Francisco I of the Two Sicilies, and lived (1798-1870).

1833-37 Her Catholic Majesty Isabel II de Borbón y Borbón, by the Grace of God, Queen of Spain and the Indies, Queen of Castile, León, Aragón, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarra, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca, Menorca, Sevilla, Cardeña, Córdoba, Córcega, Murcia, Jaén, the Algarve, Algerias, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the East and West Indies, and the Oceanic Colonies, Archduchess of Austria, Duchess of Burgundy, Brabant and Milano, Countess of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol and Barcelona, Lady of Vizcaya and Molina etc., etc.
1837-70 By the Grace of God and the Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, Queen of the Spains

Isabella succeeded to the Spanish throne on the death of her father, Ferdinand VII, when Salic Law was set aside, but her uncle, Don Carlos, disputed her rights. This led to the First Carlist War, 1833-1839, while her mother, and then General Baldomero Espartero, served as regents. Her reign was one long succession of palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences; barrack conspiracies, military revlots to further the ends of the political parties and 60 different governments. She often interfered in politics in a wayward, unscrupulous manner that made her very unpopular. She showed most favour to her reactionary generals and statesmen, to the Church and religious orders, and was constantly the tool of corrupt and profligate courtiers and favourites who gave her court a bad name. She went into exile at the end of September 1868, after her generals had made a slight show of resistance that was crushed at the battle of Alcolea by Marshals Serrano and Prim. Other events of her reign were a war against Morocco, which ended in an advantageous treaty for Spain and some Moroccan cession of territory; some progress in public works, especially railways and a slight improvement in commerce and finance. She was rumoured to have chosen her Bourbon cousin, Francisco de Asis, titular king, as husband because he was impotent, and they largely lived apart, though they did have children. She abdicated in 1870 in favour of her son, Alfonso XII, who ruled from 1874. Even though she eventually returned to Spain, she never again exerted much political power or influence. She was mother of around 14 children of whom only her son, Alfonso XII, and four daughters survived. She lived (1830-1904).

1833-40 Regent Dowager Queen Maria Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans of Spain and the Indies

Widow of Fernando VII, she was in charge of the regency for daughter Isabel II. She liberalized the constitution and sanctioned certain anticlerical measures. In 1833 she secretly married Fernando Muñoz, which made her highly unpopular when discovered. The following year Don Carlos instigated the first Carlist War. He was defeated in 1837, but the war was not officially concluded until 1839. In the meantime María Cristina was pressured into appointing a Progressionist minister and accepting a new compromise constitution. In 1840 the Progressionist leader, General Baldomero Esparto revolted, forcing her to resign and leave the country. Esparto then took over as regent. She later made an attempt to return, but failed, and retired in exile to France in 1854. She lived (1806-78).

1833-43 Rani Regnant Chira Devi of Nilgiri (India)

Succeeded Raja Govind Chandra Mardraj Harichandan as ruler of the state in the South of India.

1833-40 Ruler 'Aisha of Tuggurt (Algeria)

Also known as Aichouch, she succeeded Sultan 'Ali IV bin al-Kabir as ruler of a Berber state in the south of the country. Succeeded by 'Abd ar-Rahman.

1833-36 and 1838-44 Reigning Abbess-General María Benita Rascón of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)

1834-41 and 1849-52 Great Queen Regent Kim Sun-wo Wang-ho of Korea

After the death of her husband, Great King Sun-jo (1790-1800-34), Queen Sunwo first reigned in the name of her grandson, Hon-jong (1827-34-41) and then became regent for another relative, Chol-jung, who died 1864. She was given the title of T'ae-wang T'ae-bi and received the posthumous title of Sun-won Wang-hu. When News of the Opium War in China (1839-42) reached Korea during her reign, she tried to shut the doors against Western "barbarians". She was daughter of the catholic convert, Kim Cho-sun, of Andong, who was regent 1839-1846 and Secretary to King Chong-jo. She lived (1789-1857).

Reigned in the name of her son, Amir Ahmad III ibn 'Abu Bakar (1834-52), after the death of her husband, Amir 'Abu Bakar II ibn 'Abdu'l Munan, who had succeeded her father 'Abdu'l Karim as Amir of Harrar in 1829.

1834-55 De-facto In-Charge of the Government Duchess Friedrike zu Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderborg-Beck of Anhalt-Bernburg (Germany)
1855-63 Joint Regent of the Duchy

Her husband, Alexander IV (1815-68), was mentally instable and when he was diagnosed with Schizophrenia and in October 1855 she was officially appointed co-regent (Mit-regentin) with the accept of Duke Leopold Friedrich von Anhalt-Dessau. After Alexander's death the Duchy became part of Anhalt-Dessau. She was sister of Christian IX of Denmark, and until her death she lived at Ballerstedt Castle in Anhalt-Bernburg. Friedrike Caroline Juliane did not have any children, and lived (1811-1902).

1834-35 Princess-Abbess Maria Theresia von Habsburg of the Theressian Chapter for Noble Ladies at the Hradschin of Prague (Austria-Hungary)

Resigned as Abbess of the Royal Chapter in order to marry king Fernando II of Two Sicilies in 1835. In 1859 her stepson became king, but only one year later he had to resign as a result of the unification of Italy. She was daughter of Archduke Karl and Henriette von Nassau-Weilburg, the mother of two daughters and lived (1816-67).

Circa 1834-65 Head of the Royal Family Princess Gowramma of Coorg (India)

Went with her father, father Maharajah Virarakendra Wodeyar, to England when he was deposed by the British in 1834. She was christened in 1852 with Queen Victoria as sponsor. She married an English officer and had a child with him. They both disappeared after her death. Another member of the family declared herself ruler in 1857 and lead an unsuccessful uprising against the British. Princess Victoria Gowramma lived (1822-65).

1835-1841 and 1844-1845 Her Majesty Samdech Preah Maha Rajini Ang Mey of Cambodia

Also known as Queen Ba-cong-chua or Ksat Trey, she was proclaimed Queen Regnant on the death of her father by the Vietnamese faction at court with the title of My-lam-quan-chua in January 1835. Deposed August 1840. Reinstated 1844, and again deposed by the Vietnamese and taken to the Imperial Capital Hué in Vietnam, with her sisters, 1845. Allowed to return to Oudong after the cession of hostilities in 1847. She later married a unknown man, and lived (1815-74) 

1835-29 Regent H.H. Maji Sahiba Shri Chandrawatji Maharani of Jaipur (India)

In charge of the government for son, H.H. Saramad-i-Raja-i-Hindustan, Raj Rajeshwar Shri Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sawai Shri Sir Ram Singh II Bahadur, Maharaja of Jaipur. She (d. 1858). 

1835 Regent Queen Mother Muranthatisi of the Sotho (Lesotho)

Ruled in the name of son. She lived (circa 1781-1835). 

1835-42 Princess-Abbess Hermine von Habsburg-Lothringen of the Theressian Royal and Imperial Chapter for Noble Ladies at the Hradschin in Prague (Austria-Hungary)

Daughter of Josef Anton von Habsburg-Lothringen and Princess Hermine von Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, Countess of the former Sovereign Counties of Schaumburg and Holzappel from 1812, who died at the age of 20, after having given birth to Hermine and her twin brother, Stefan Viktor. As abbess she enjoyed princely ecclesiastical rank. She dedicated here life to charity but died at the age of only 25, after having lived (1817-42).

1835-1859 8^th Asantehemaa Nana Afia Sapong of Asante (Ghana)

The daughter of king Osei Kwame (Around 1777-98), she was the second Queen Mother during the reign of Kwaku Dua I Panyin (circa 1797-1834-67), and was succeeded as Asantehemaa by her only child, Aufa Kobi Serwaa Ampen I, who was in office (1859-1884). Afia Sapon lived (1790-1859).  

1836-40 Reigning The Ndlovukati Lojiba Simelane of Swaziland

The Queen Mother was widow of Sobhuza I (1816-36) and in 1840 she named her husband's son with her sister and co-wife Somnjalose, Mswati II as king and became Joint Head of State. 

1836-40 Queen Regnant Tsiomeko of Boina (Madagascar)

1836-75 Aru Tenripada Siti Aisa of Barru (Indonesia)

The fourth female ruler of Barru. Matinroe ri Gamecana was the 11th Aru and I Limpo Daeng Manak the 12th. The third ruler was I Rakia Karaeng Agangjene who ruled in Sidenreng as We Rakkia Karaeng Kanjenne she was Adatuang. The dates of their reign are not known. Tenripada Siti Aisa succeeded her father To Patarai, Matinroe ri Masigina (Arung Alakku) and reigned under a council of regency until 1854. She married I Malingkaang Idris, who ruled 1893-1895 as Sultan/Karaeng/Somba of Gowa and was succeeded by oldest daughter, I Batari Toja. Also known as Basse Barru, her ceremonial name was Matinroe ri Gowa

1836-62 Politically Influential Queen Amalie zu Oldenburg of Greece

1837-1901 H.M. Victoria, By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England and Ireland (20.6.1837 - 22.01.1901)
1876-1901 Empress of India (28.04.1876-22.01.1901)

Her titles included the role of Sovereign of The Channel Islands and Lord of Mann. Also Princess of Hanover, Duchess of Braunschweig and Lüneburg. It was during her reign that the modern idea of the constitutional monarch, whose role was to remain above political parties, began to evolve. But Victoria herself was not always non-partisan and she took the opportunity to give her opinions - sometimes very forcefully - in private. After the death of her husband, Albert of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, in 1861, she sank into depression. She was persuaded to open Parliament in person in 1866 and 1867, but she was widely criticised for living in seclusion and quite a strong republican movement developed. (Seven attempts were made on Victoria's life, between 1840 and 1882) With time, the private urgings of her family and the flattering attention of the Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. During Victoria's long reign, direct political power moved away from the sovereign, but she showed that a monarch who had a high level of prestige and who was prepared to master the details of political life could exert an important influence. The mother of nine children, she lived (1818-1901).

Until 1837 Senior Rani Gouri Rukmani Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)

The younger daughter of the Queen Regent Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai (1810-15), she succeeded her sister, Gouri Lakshmi Bai, as Senior Rani of Attingal. Two of her sons became Maharajas, she was mother of a total of eight children, and lived (1809-37).

1837-53 Senior Rani Parvati Bai of Attingal in Travancore (India)

Also known as Chathayam Tirunal, she succeeded Gouri Rukmani Bai as joint administrator of the principality of Attingal, which were given as appanage to the two senior Princesses of the Travancore royal family, which follows matrilineal inheritance, according to male primogeniture. She was unmarried and (d. 1853).

1838-57 Regent HH Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Sai Bai II of Kolhapur (India)

Also known as Dewan Sahib Maharaj, she was regent for son until she was removed from office from her part in the Indian Mutiny against the British of 1857. She (d. 1861).

1838-52 Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded mother, Rani Mariambe, and first succeeded by son. In 1907 her daughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne of the Muslim Kingdom centred around the city of Cannanore - now known as Kannur - in the State of Kerala.

1838-1847 Joint Reigning Khanum Ummu Gulsum Bike of Ghazi-Ghumuq (in Daghestan, Russia)

First reigned together with Mahmud Beg (1841-43), Gadji Yahya (1843 and finally with Abd ap-Rahman Beg (1843-47).

1838-48 The Dwabenhene Ama Sewa of Dwaben (Dwabehene or Dwabeii) (Ghana)
1843-48 Reigning Dwabenhemaa and Dwabenhene

Took over as chief and led her people back to Asante from exile in Akyem Abuakwa in the south east of the Gold Coast after the death of her two sons in succession. Indeed, her daughter, Nana Afrakoma Panin and her granddaughter Nana Akua Saponmaa both held the dual offices of Dwabenhemaa and Dwabenhene (Queen Mother and King) concurrently. 

Until 1838 Rani Regnant Singhasari Cokorda of Karang Asem Singhasari (Indonesia) 

Until 1827 she reigned jointly with Gusti Gede Jelantik Sasak, 1827-35 with Gusti Ngurah Made Karang Asem and finally with Gusti Ngurah Bagus Pañji Karang Asem until 1838.

1839-45 Kuhina Nui H.R.H. Princess Miriam Auhea-Kalani-Kui-Kawekiu-o-Kekauluohi-Keali'iuhiwaihanau-o-Kalani-Makahonua-Ahilapalapa-Kai-wikapu-o-Kaleilei-a- Kalakaua Ka'ahumanu III of Hawaii (USA)
1841-45 Member of the House of Nobles

When Kekāuluohi succeeded her half-sister, Kina'u, she declared: "…The authority hitherto possessed by my mother Ka‘ahumanu II. Until her decease is now transferred to my other mother (Miriam Kekāuluohi) though Victoria Kamehamalu II is her superior, but still under my direction." Initially, she was considered something of a "place-holder" for Kīna‘u’s infant daughter Victoria Kamāmalu, who would later assume the office. As Kuhina nui she signed, with the king, all official documents; conducted all executive business affecting the Crown; received and transferred government lands; and served as special Councillor to the king, with exclusive veto power over his decisions. She was a co-signer with Kamehameha III of the country's first Constitution in 1840, which provided for an elected representative body, a first step toward the common people gaining political power. The constitution also codified for the first time, the responsibilities and authority of the Kuhina Nui. As a child she was betrothed to a prince of the Pomare line of Tahiti, but because of the prince's early death, the union never took place. In 1809 she married the first of her seven husbands, her uncle Kamehameha, as a companion in his final years, until his death in 1819. She then married her cousin, King Lihohilo Kamehameha II (1797-1824) and later to Kana'ina and one of her two children, William Charles Lunalilo, later became king of Hawai'i. . She was daughter of Alii Kalaimamahu and Alii Kaheiheimalie Kalakaua, both Governors of Maui, and died from influenza, after having lived (1794-1845).

The Senior Queen, Samrajyalaxmi Devi, has been working to bring to been about the downfall of General Bhimsen Thapa since 1837 as he was accused of having poisoned her infant son, Devendra Bikram Shah. He was therefore arrested and out on irons. Her husband, king Rajendra Birkrama Shah (1816-47), was unable to rule himself, and she took the reigns. She made several appointments of senior state managers and miltary commanders. When Pushkar Shah was dismissed from the office of Mukhtiyar she expressed her desire to pass the rest of her life in Banaras and left in the beginning of 1842. Her husband followed her in an attempt to persuade her to return. The East India Company Government did not permit her to enter India territory and she then came back to Kathmandu and suggested that her husband become should abdicate so that she carry on the administration as Regent with Prince Surendra Bikram Shah on the throne. But since he did not agree to this proposal she then again left fro the Tarai. This time King Rajendra did not follow her. Soon after she returned to Kathmandu because she was suffering from malaria. No physician was ready to treat her at risk of his life. The result was that she died in October 1842.

1839-51 (†) Governor Weyzero Elleni of Hamasen (Eritrea)

Murdered together with grandsons in the fighting with the Emperor of Ethiopia.

1839-53 Bezmiâlem Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Covering Turkey, parts of the Balcans, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa)

1839-44 Sovereign Duchess Pauline Biron von Kurland of Sagan and Representative of the Sovereign Dukes of Courland (Latvia/Poland/Germany)

Succeeded sister, Wilhelmine, to the Duchy in Schlesia. Married to Prince Friedrich von Hohenzollern-Hechingen, who died 1838. She ceded the title to her son, Constantin, Fürst von und zu Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1801-1869) in 1842. But since he had no children with his wife Princess Eugènie de Beauharnais von Leuchtenberg, she sold to her sister Dorothea all her portion of the allodia estates of the Duchy. Constantin continued negotiations with his aunt, which was concluded on 16 Oct 1843 with the sale of the title and all claims, subject to actual possession by Dorothea being delayed until 1844. Pauline lived (1782-1845).

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