Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
WOMEN IN POWER 
BCE 4500-1500
Leaders and women in other positions of political authority
of independent states and
self-governing understate entities

Ca. 4530-3240 Legendary Queen Eyleuka of Ethiopia
Also known as Dalukaha, and according to legend she was one of the rulers before the Antediluvian (the flooding). She succeeded king Borsa, who had ruled for 67 years, and herself ruled for 45 years.  

Around 2952-after 2939 Pharaoh Meritneith of Egypt
According Manetho, it was during the reign of Neteren that it was decided that women might occupy the throne. However evidence has convinced some historians to believe that Meritneith (or Meryet-Nit) was the successor of Zir and thereby the third ruler of the 1st Dynasty. She has her own tomb in the kings' cemetery of Abydos, suggesting she may have ruled for some years, possibly as regent for her son, Den.

Around 2720 Regent Dowager Queen Ni-Maat-Hepi of Egypt
She was the first Dowager Queen of Egypt that is known with certainty to have acted as regent for her son, Djoser (Zoser), during the 3rd dynasty. Some consider her to have been reigning Pharaoh in her own right. There are several theories on her origin, but she had the titles of Great Royal Wife, and Mother of the Kings Children. She also carried the titles of Heiress (Wrt' Hts).

Ca. 2585-2145 Legendary Queen Nehasset Nais of Ethiopia
According to legend, she reigned for 30 years sometime after the flooding

2580-ca. 2510 Controller of the Affairs of the Kiltwearers Queen Hetepheres II of Egypt
She ran the civil service and, as well as overseers, governors and judges. She was daughter of Egypt's first pyramid builder, Pharao Khufu and his sister-wife Merityetes II, and first married to the crown prince Kawab who seems to have died at the end of Khufu's reign. It is believed that after Kawab's death Redjedef married Hetepheres II to strengthen his claim to the throne in 2580. It has also been suggested that Hetepheres II was married to Khafre. Hetepheres II probably lived under five kings of the Fourth Dynasty and died when she was well over 70 years old. She was mother of five children (d. ca. 2510)

2570- ca. 2530/10 Politically Influential Queen Meresankh III of Egypt
Daughter of Kawab and Hetepheres II, and married to Khafre as second wife, although continuing to assert her claims by her title "King's Daughter" and "Beholder of the Horus and Seth", even though her father was never pharao. It seems that she was not content to remain in the background. Both she and her mother became prominent at court, on sculptures and inscriptions. Her eldest son eventually became superior lector priest and vizier. She was probably around 55 when she died.

2530-10 Politically Influential Queen Khamerernebti II of Egypt
Married to Pharaoh Menkau-Ra, and mother of Pharaoh Shepses-Kaf and Queen Khent-Kaues I. Her statue shows that she was no mere wife. Her position and gestures should be interpreted as signaling her legitimization of Menkaure as Pharaoh. She is shown in the act of presenting him, indicating to the world that he is the man whom she is identifying and establishing as Pharaoh. Her pose, in fact, deliberately imitates that of the goddess Hathor in the triad statues and with whom she is clearly intended to be identified. The statue itself is a representation of this act of confirmation, and perhaps even a record of part of an actual confirmation ceremony.

Around 2500 Possible Queen Khent-Kaues I of Egypt
Daughter of Menkau-Ra during the 4th dynasty, and married her brother Shepses-Kaf who succeeded his father to the throne. After his death, Khent-Kaues possibly became ruling queen. Her tomb at Giza is unlike any other – in part a mastaba, in part a two-step pyramid. This tomb has many features usually associated with kings, and leads to speculation that Khent-kaues may have ruled independently as king. The inscription on the tomb reads: "Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt. The mother Queen and the daughter of the god". She married one of the Ra priests, who never became king, and the throne was passed to her three sons who formed the 5th dynasty. Khent-Kaues claimed that she has conceived her sons from the god Ra himself. Her daughter, Chamaat, was High Priestess of Ptah in Memphis.

Around 2500 Queen Ku-baba Azag-bau of Kis (Iraq)
According to the King's List, she was the founder of the Third Dynasty, and appears to have reigned for hundred years, as she is the only ruler listed in this period. According to the earliest Sumerian records, she was originally a tavern keeper, she became the leader of the Mesopotamian City State's war for independence from Uruk. She was later deified, and worshipped in Northern Iraq as the goddess Kubaba. 

Around 2500 Co-Ruler Pu-Abi of Ŭr (Iraq)
The Sumerian Dynasty of Ur was located on the Euphrate River. There are several surviving indications of her importance. Her name is only one of two with the title "nim" (Queen) inscribed on a cylinder seal of lapis lzuli in the Royal Cemetery of Ur. She was the wife of an unknown king, and is buried in a way that indicates more than kingship - and she might have been considered a god, or at least that she represented a god on earth. Also known as Puabi or Shubad.

Ca. 2459-2401 Governor of Markellashi in the Elam District (Iraq)
Daughter of King Dungi of Ur (2450-01) in the Mesopotamian Area - today's Iraq.

Ca. 2420 Queen Su-bad of Ŭr (Iraq)
Ur was a Mesopotamian City State, which was one of the first village settlements founded (circa 4000 BCE) by the so-called Ubaidian inhabitants of Sumer. Before 2800 BCE, Ur became one of the most prosperous Sumerian city-states. According to ancient records, Ur had three dynasties of rulers who, at various times, extended their control over all of Sumer.

Around 2400 Political Influential Queen Baranamatara of Lagasz (Iraq)
She was the wife of king Lugalanda. She managed Baba's temple in Lagasz, and very active in diplomacy.

Ca. 2389 High Priestess Lipusha of the Moon Temple at Ur (Iraq)
Granddaughter of King Karam-sin of the Sumerian Dynasty.

Ca. 2334 High Priestess Enheduanna of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter of King Sargon of the Sumerian Dynasty.

After 2295–2250 Vizier, Judge and Magistrate Nebet of Egypt
Pharaoh Pepi I apparently appointed her to the office - the right hand "man" of the Pharaoh - but it is thought that her husband performed the duties of this role. Other women managed to become stewards and treasurers. According to some sources only two women were ever appointed Vizier.

After 2295–2250 Political Influential Princess Chui of Egypt
It seems that Pharaoh Pepi I gave her the titles of "duke" and "count". Her sister was the Vizier Nebet. 

Around 2295 Regent Dowager Queen Iput of Egypt
She was probably the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty, and historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power, legitimizing his rule. She is buried in her own pyramid near Teti's at Saqqara. After around 12 years Teti died, and she became regent for son their, Pharaoh Pepi I.

Ca. 2254-2218 High Priestess Enmenanna of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter of the Sumerian High Priest Naram-sin.

Around 2250-45 Regent Dowager Queen Ankhesenmeryre I of Egypt
Together with her sister, Ankhesenmeryre II, she was married to Pepi I, and mother of king Merenre (2250-2245). She was the sister of Vizier Djau, and came from a prominent family at Abydos. It is possible that her mother was the woman vizier, Nebet. 

Around 2245-50 Regent Dowager Queen Ankhesenmeryre II of Egypt
Also known as Ankh-Meri-Ra. Like her sister, Ankhesenmeryre I, she was married to Pepi I. When her nephew, King Merenre died, her own son, Pepi II, became king at the age of six or seven, and ruled for at least 90 years, with her in charge of the government for about ten years. Despite her non-royal origins, she is depicted wearing the royal uraeus, the cobra goddess who protected the kings of Egypt. A famous statue shows her holding the young king on her lap. 

Ca. 2180 Queen Nitocris of Egypt
She was daughter of Pepi II in the 6th dynasty, and became Queen, while her husband Meren-Ra II was not the Pharaoh, at least for some time. Manetho described her as "the noblest and loveliest of the women of her time", and to Herodotus is owed the story of here suicide after her vengeance on the Egyptians who murdered her brother to put her in his place. Her name is written as either the second or the third Pharaoh after Pipit II, but she was only mentioned in the Turin Canon, but not in the Abydos Kings' List.

Ca. 2168-54 High Priestess Nannepadda of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter of King Ensi Ur-Baba of Lagas in the Kingdom of Agade/Akkad.

2107-89 High Priestess Enniragalanna of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
She was the daughter of Ur-nammu, High Priest of Ur.

2094-2047 Politically Influential Queen Shulgi-shimti of Ŭr (Iraq)
During her marriage to King Shulgi of the Ur-III dynasty, she was very influential when it came to the economic affairs of the royal court and country as a whole.

2089-41 High Priestess Ennirzianna of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter of Silgi.

2065-2016 or 2016-2008 De-facto Co-ruler Queen Neferukayet in Upper Egypt
Married to Pharaoh Inyotef II (2065-2016 ) or Inyotef III (2016-2008) of 11th Dynasty. Both men were titular kings of Lower and Upper Egypt, but they ruled only in Upper Egypt. The plate of clerk Reduchnum from Dendera tell, that she reorganised the system of organisation in Upper Egypt.

2023-1999 The High Priestess of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter of king Ibbi-sin of Ur.

Ca. 2025-2001 High Priestess and Ruler of Isin (Iraq)
Her name has been lost, but she was daughter of King Isbi-Irra of Larsa, a rival kingdom.

1939/38-1909 God's Wife of Amun Queen Neferu of Egypt
The consort and Queen of Pharaoh Amenemhat I. It is not known if she was of royal blood, but it is probable that Amenemhet married to strengthen his claim to the throne since he was acommoner of partial Nubian descent who usurped the throne after the death of the king that he served as vizier. She must have been an heiress of considerable domain to give him the power and position that he needed. She had a small pyramid that was built for her near the king's tomb.

Ca. 1875-56 Queen Kasiopo of Kush (Sudan)
The kingdom by the south of the Nile was closely related to the Egyptian culture, and later evolved into the kingdom of Meroe.

Ca. 1834-23 High Priestess En-an-e-du of the Moon Temple at Ŭr (Iraq)
Daughter if the Sumerian King Warad-sin of Larsa.

Around 1800 Ruler of Elam (Mesopotamia)
Her name has been lost, but she was sister of Silhalla, a mother of the dynasty.

Around 1800 Politically Active Queen Sabitu of Mari (Egypt)
Also known as Szibitu, she acted as a regent during her husband, king Zimri-lim's numerous wars.

Ca. 1790-1745 Mayor Kirum of Khaya-Sumu's City in Ilansura (Mesopotamia)
One of the many daughters of King Zimri-Lim of Mari, she was married to Khaya-Sumu of Ilansura and her father appointed her Mayor of Khaya-Sumus' city. She not only administered the city, but also dispensed political advice to her father. This displeased her husband, who also married her sister, Shimatum, creating a bitter rivalry, and in the end she returned back to her father.

1763-59 Pharaoh Sebekneferu of Egypt
Also known as Sebek-Nefru or Sebekneferu-Ra, she succeeded her father, Amenemhat III, as the last ruler of the 12th Dynasty. Kingship in ancient Egypt was a male role, and in Egyptian art, ruling Queens were typically represented as male Pharaohs. Sebekneferu was the exception and appears as female in all her statues- though she was portrayed wearing the royal headcloth and kilt over her otherwise female dress. 

1594-after 1550 Politically Influential Queen Tetisheri of Egypt
The commoner wife of Pharaoh Senachtenre (1594-1592) of the 17th Dynasty in Thebe, she has been called the "mother of the New Kingdom" because of her influence over its founders, her son Seqenenre Ta'a II ( 1592-56) and her grandsons, Kamose (1556-50) and Ahmose I (1550-25). From the palace at Deir el-Ballas, she raised the warriors who would oust the Asiatics from the Delta. She lived to be 70 years old, and decrees were issues concerning her service to the nation. Ahmose granted her a great estate and tomb with priests and servants to conduct mortuary rituals in her honor, and a cenotaph was made for her at Abydos.

Around 1590 Co-Regent Tawananna Harapscheki of the Hitite Kingdom (Turkey)
Married to King Hantili. The Queens, Tawannas, are believed to have been a kind of co-regents to their husbands and they possessed considerable influence. The dates of this period are not accurate. 

Ca.1570-ca. 1548 Queen Ahhotep I of Egypt
Among her numerous titles was that of "Mistress of the Lands (Upper and Lower Egypt) and Lady of the Northern Isles. She was wife of Seqenenre Ta'a II and an inscription on the doorway Buhen suggests that she was joint regent with her sons Kamose and Ahmose I, who is generally given credit for founding the 18th Dynasty. It was during the turbulent times when the kings were engaged in a war of liberation to get rid of the Hyksos invaders, and she played a crucial role in safeguarding the kingdom in the south. A stele in Karnak Temple honors her with the words: "She is one who has accomplished the rites and cared for Egypt; she has looked after Egypt's troops and she has guarded them; she has brought back the fugitives and collected the deserters; she has pacified Upper Egypt and expelled her rebels."

1530/1539-... Regent Queen Ahmose Nefertari of Egypt
1504/ 1514 - .... Regent Dowager Queen
The daughter of Ahotep I and Sekenenra Tao II, she seems to have been very influential during the reign of her husband and brother Ahmose I (from 1548), and after his death, she was a regent to her son Amen-Hotep I and later for grandson Totmes. She is depicted a black woman, and mentioned on an inscription depicting the honors being given to Queen Tetisheri, her grandmother, and her name is listed in the Sinai and on the island of Sai in inscriptions. She was popularly celebrated in a posthumous mortuary cult in the necropolis, and the first Queen, who hold the important office of God's Wife of Amun and she was also had the titles of Mistress of the Lands, Mistress of Foreign Countries, Lady of the Two Lands etc.

Around 1472 Joint Reigning Queen Jopes Cassiopeia of Jaffa (Israel)
She ruled the state established by the hoenecians of Sidon jointly with king Cepheus.

1467-1445 or 1479-1458 Pharaoh Hatshepsut of Egypt
Married her half-brother the Pharaoh Totmes II and was the real power behind the throne of Egypt, and assumed supreme power when she took over the government as Regent for her husband's six year old son by a concubine. Hatshepsut surrounded herself with men of outstanding administrative and intellectual ability, and manipulated the council and strengthened her own position by marrying the boy to her own daughter. Hatshepsut renounced the regency when her position was strong enough, and successfully declared herself Pharaoh. Her reign was devoted to peace and prosperity, though she mounted at least one military campaign during her reign. She initiated a number of impressive building projects, including her superb funerary temple at Deir el-Bahari. She encouraged agriculture and trade, establishing new sea trade routes to replace the long overland journeys. Arts and especially architecture flourished. On her death, her half-nephew/stepson/son-in-law, finally became Pharaoh and he systematically smashed all her statues and hid or erased her name from monuments in an attempt to belittle her. She held the titles of Lady of the Land to its Limits, Lady of the Two Lands, Lady of All the Lands, Wife of the God, Great Mother of the King, Mother of the God, Wife and Sister of the King, Sister of the Regent, Chief of the South and North, Mistress of the Two Lands, The Great One, Mistress of the Land, Mistress of the Foreign Countries, Great Wife of the King as well as a large number of priestely titles.

1458 /1470... Joint Queen Regnant Itey the Corpulent of Punt (Somalia)
Sometime in the 15th century she ruled the kingdom of Punt together with king Parahu. The state was placed in the northeastern corner of the country, and today it forms part of the self-proclaimed republic of Puntoland.

1440-20 De-facto Ruler Queen Asmunikal of the Hittite Empire (Turkey)
When her husband, Arnuwandash I came to power between 1440-1420 she managed the affairs of state.

1413-1388 or 1426-1400 Politically Influential Queen Meritamen II of Egypt
Also known as Merytamun, she was the daughter of Totmes III and Hatshepsut II. She is shown on reliefs at Deir el-Bahri with her father, and was married to her ca. 20 years younger brother Amenhotep II. Before her marriage Ahmose's titles read: "Kings Daughter, The Kings Sister, The Gods Wife and Hand, Sweet in Love, (Ahmose Meritamen), Living like Re, The Mistress of the Two Lands".

Before 1400 Queen Mumazes Moso of Ethiopia
Ruled for four years in succession to her father, Tsawente Benu.

1388 Regent Dowager Queen Mutemwia of Egypt
After the death of her husband, Amenophis II (possibly around 1401), she became regent for son Amenhotep III. Amung her many titles were thoes of Lady and Noblewoman, lady of the Two Lands and Mistress of the Two Lands.

1388-79 or 1400-1390 God's Wife of Amun Queen Tiaa of Egypt
Totmes IV followed the fashion of the dynasty and himself depicted as the result of a divine union between Amun-Re and his mother Tiaa. Throughout her son's rule Tiaa was referred to with the titles the King's Mother, and Great Royal Wife at monuments dating to the reign of Totmes IV. She also held the titles of her many titles were thoes of Lady and Noblewoman, lady of the Two Lands and Mistress of the Two Lands, Amung others.

1379-1327 or 1390- 1340 Politically Influential Queen Tiye of Egypt 
Also known as Tiy, she was the power behind the throne during the reign of her husband, Amenhotep III, and mother of several sons and daughters, who all were influential players on the Egyptian scene. Her husband built a palace called Malcata for her as well as a lake for her to sail her barge. When the king was away at his own palace entertaining his women, Tiye was left to run the affairs of state. Several foreign kings mentioned her in their correspondence, signifying the power she wielded. Her son Amenhotep IV or Ikhnaton led a religious revolution and for a time the Queen stayed with him continuing her influence. Her official title was " The Ruleress of Both Countries", and she lived (around 1400-1327/40)

Around 1358 Queen Helena of Ethiopia
She reigned 11 years. 

1353- after 1336 Politically influential Queen Nefertiti of Egypt
Ca. 1336 Possibly Reigning Pharao
Among other she held the titles of Lady of the Two Lands, Lady of All the Lands and Mistress of the Lands, and also held various priestly officies. Her name is enclosed in a royal cartouche, and there are in fact more statues and drawings of her than of her husband, Akhenaten (1351-34), and some have even claimed that it was her who instigated the monotheistic religion of Aten. After 15 years of reign, she mysteriously disappears from view. It could be that she died, although no indication of this exists to this date. Some scholars think that she was banished for some reason, and lived the rest of her years in the northern palace. On the other hand, she is shown wearing kingly regalia, executing foreign prisoners and, as some Egyptologists believe, ruling independently as king following the death of her husband ca.1336 . She had six daughters, but it is possible that Akhenaten's successors - Smenkhkare and Tutankhaten - were his children by another royal wife called Kiya who became his principle Queen for a short while after year 12 of his reign. 

1336-1335 Queen Meritaton of Egypt
The eldest daughter-wife of Amenhotep IV Ehnaton. After 1336 her husband Semenchkare, became Pharaoh and later her son, Meritaton-tasherit succeeded to the throne.

1309-1305 or 1323-1319 Joint Ruler Queen Ankhesenpaaton Ankhesenaun of Egypt
The daughter of Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti, she held the titles of Lady of the Two Lands, Lady of the All the Lands and Mistress of All the Lands. She was politically influential during the reign of her brother-husband, Pharaoh Smenchkare (ruled 1324-1319). Her third husband, Tutanchanon, succeeded her brother as Pharaoh. After his death in 1309, she send a messenger to the King of the Hittits (Anatolia) asking for a son of his she could marry. When he arrived in Egypt he was murdered. She then married her grandfather, Eje, and reigned jointly with him. Pharaoh Horemheb killed her in 1319/05.

Late 1300s Queen Ninurmahmes of Ayalon (Israel)
Ayalon was a principality near Jerusalem. 

Around 1279-1255/54 Politically Influential Queen Nefertari of Egypt
She was married to Pharaoh Ramses II. She was active in diplomacy, and corresponded politically with Queen Puduhepa of the Hitite Kingdom. She may have accompanied her husband to many of his battles, most notably, his victory over the Hitittes at Kadesh in the early part of his reign. From the many surviving inscriptions we know that her titles included: Mistress of the South and the Nort and Lady of the Two Lands. There are many monuments remaining in her honour, built by her husband. Mother of 10 children.

Around 1279 Queen Merytaun of Egypt
The Daughter and wife of Pharaoh Ramses II, she held the title of Mistress of the Two Lands, indicating a role as co-ruler.

Around 1279 Queen Bananit I. of Egypt
Also daughter and wife of Pharaoh Ramses II, she also held the title of Mistress of the Two Lands.

Around 1279 Queen Nebettauy of Egypt
Another daughter and wife of Pharaoh Ramses II, who was Lady and Mistress of the Two Lands, among other titles.

Ca. 1275-ca. 1250 Co-Regent, The Tawananna Puduhepa of the Hittite Kingdom (Turkey)
Pudu-Heba was the daughter of a priest, and was educated in litterature, and became a priestess herself before her marriage to Hattusilis III, who became king of the Hittites after deposing his nephew. They reconstructed and reoccupied the capital at Hattusa (Bogazköy) and shared the rule. She participated in the state administration together with her husband, and made women participate in the state administration equally with men. She co-signed the treaty of Kadesh, and her seal is placed next to that of her husband.

Ca. 1224-ca. 1184 Judge and Queen Debrah of Judeah (Israel)
The term "judge" implied chieftainship, military leadership, and religious duties as well as the dispensing of justice. Deborah, wife of Lapidoth, became known for both wisdom and prophecy, and is the only woman known from biblical and Jewish tradition who was elevated to political power by popular consent. With the help of Barak, a noted military leader, she led a major army of resistance against Sisera, a Canaanite general, in an attempt to stop persistent raids against Israel carried out by the Canaanite king, Jabin. In the aftermath of Deborah and Barak's military victory, Sisera was famously slain by a woman named Jael. Deborah, who was also a prophet and singer, celebrated the defeat of Canaan in "The Song of Deborah." 

Around 1200 Legendary Queen Camilla of Lathium (United Kingdom)
Ruled of one of the British tribes.

Around 1199 Royal Consort and General Fu Hao in the Hunan Province of China
She is referred to in The Oracle Bones as one of the consorts of Wu Ding, twenty-first king of the Shang. The texts, which specifically refer to Fu Hao as a general, indicate that she participated in several military campaigns, including one in which she led 13.000 troops against the Qiang. It also appears that she was responsible for important rituals and controlled her own estate. Her tomb was found in 1976.

1194 – 1192 Joint Regent Queen Tausret of Egypt
1192-1186 Pharaoh
After the death of her brother and husband, Seti II, she became co-regent to their son Ramses-Si-Ptah (later Merne-Ptah-Si-Ptah). After his death a Syrian officer brought a young man, Siptah, to the throne, and married him to Tausert. After Siptah's death in 1192 she ruled alone for 6 years as king. The throne was probably usurped by Selnakht in 1200. Also know as Sitre'-meryAmun Twosre'-Seteptenmut, she also had the names Merymaat-nbtanemnisutmiAmun, Geregkemetuafkhasut and Satre-merenAmun. She was the last member of the 19th Dynasty and throughout her life she carried different titles: King’s Great Wife, Lady of the Two Lands and Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt, Pharaoh, Hereditary Princess, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Protectress of the Pharaoh.

Around 1145 Queen Titi of Egypt
She was the daughter, sister, wife and mother of unknown king, but she is known to have lived around the end of the 21st Dynasty and had the titel of Lady and Mistress of the Lands etc.

After 1145-after 1117 Divine Adoratrix and Gods Wife of Amun Isis IV at Thebes (Egypt)
By bewtowing his daughter with both titles Pharaoh Ramses VI turned it into a political post. From then on it was held by the king's daughter, who therefore became a celibate priestess, barred from marrying, and probably having much political power. Instead they adopted a successor, preferably the daughter of the next king, to ensure the office stayed where the power was. The office now held great religious and political responsibility and prestige in Thebes and was a means for the king to ensure this power, and at the same time prevent an elder daughter from marrying possible claimants to the throne. This made the God's Wife the highest ranking of Amun's 'concubines', which were all virgins and all with adopted successors. Isis was still in office at the end of the first decade of Ramses IX’s reign, but how much longer and whether she was succeeded is unknown. Also held the title of Mistress of the Lands.

1076 -1055 Politically Influential Queen Nodzhmet of Egypt
She was the daughter of High Priest of Amun Pianchi and Hereret and a wife of High Priest of Amun and Pharaoh Herhor (ruled 1080-74). Nodzhmet was a grand-grand – mother of Pharaoh Pinodzhem I (1070-55).

Around 1070-55 God's Wife of Amun Princess Maatkare I Mutemhet at Thebes (Egypt)
Daughter of Pharaoh Pinodzhem I (1070-55) and Henuttaui, and also bore the title of Mistress of the Two Lands and Lady of the Two Lands.

Around 1045- 992 God's Wife of Amun Princess Isetemachbit III in Thebes (Egypt) 
The daughter of Pharao Psusennes I and Queen Wiay and the wife of Menkheperre (High Priest of Amun) at Thebes. She was mother of Queen Isetemachbit IV, pharao Pinodzhem II and Smendis II. From the 21st Dynasty on, the title was always held by an unwed daughter of either the king, or the High Priest of Amun. These included Maatkare, the daughter of the Priest and King, Pinudjem I, and Isetemachbit III, the daughter of King Psusennes I. (b.1050)

Ca. 1005-965 Queen Makeda of Sheba
She is believed to have reigned either in Yemen or an Ethiopian principality. Legends of the Queen of Sheba are common throughout Arabia, Persia, Ethiopia and Israel. In Arabian tradition, Balkis/Balqis ruled with the heart of a woman but the head and hands of a man. Islamic stories portray Solomon as marrying the Queen. In contrast to the Bible, they portray her abandoning her own Gods and converting to the God of the Israelites. According to Ethiopian legend she was born in Ophir, and educated in Ethiopia. Her mother was Queen Ismenie; her father, chief minister to Za Sebado, and succeeded him as King. One story describes that as a child Sheba (called Makeda) was to be sacrificed to a serpent god, but was rescued by the stranger 'Angaboo. Later, her pet jackal bit her badly on one foot and leg, leaving lasting scars and deformity. When her father died in 1005 BCE, Sheba became Queen at the age of fifteen. Contradictory legends refer to her as ruling for forty years, and reigning as a virgin Queen for six years. In most accounts, she never married. She lived (ca. 1020-ca. 965)

Around 993 Queen Nodjemet of Egypt
She was daughter of Amenhotep and Hrere and perhaps married to Herihor and possible mother of Smendes, and among others held the titles of Mistress and Lady of the Lands.

990-969 Governor of Foreign Countries Queen Nesihonsu of Egypt, Vicereine of Nubia
She was politically influential in Egypt during the reign of her husband and uncle, Pharaoh and High Priest of Amun Pinodzhem II of Egypt (Pindudjem) who appointed her Vice-Queen and Chief of Foreign Countries - both cerimonial titles. She was daughter of High Priest of Amun and Pharaoh Smendes II.

990-before 969 Politically Influential Queen Isetemachbit IV of Egypt
Daughter of High Priest of Amun Mencheperre and Isetemachbit III. She was co-wife of her brother Pharaoh and High Priest of Amun Pinodzhem II. She also held many priestely titles and was very rich. She talked a divorce with her brother .Mother of Pharaoh and High Priest of Amun Psusennes II. (d. 969).

981 Regent Dowager Queen Ishaq of Thama (Arabia)
An Assyrian Vassal.

Around 984 Queen Duat-Hathor Henuttauy II of Egypt
The daughter of Smendes and Tentamun, she was married to Pinudjem I, mother of the God's Wife Maatkare I, and holder of the titles of Lady and Mistress of the Lands etc.

873-843 De-facto Co-Ruler Queen Jezebel of Israel
Chief Advisor of her husband, King Achab. She was in charge of the official correspondence, and introduced various forms of Phoenician luxury hitherto unknown in the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Samaria. She also prevailed upon her husband to establish the worship of the Phoenician gods and goddesses, and was a bitter foe of prophet Elijah. After the death of her husband, she continued to exercise a strong and baneful influence over her two sons Ochozias (Ahazia) and Joram (Jehoram), and through her daughter Athalia who married King Joram of Juda, she was also influential there until she was killed by Jehu in 843.

Ca. 870-40 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Karomama-Meritmut I at Thebes (Egypt)
In the first half of the 11th century a tehenu (Libyan) named Buyuawa lived at Herakleopolis. His son became father of the local God Hershef and great chief of the Meshwesh. This position was inherited by his descendents. One of these, Sheshonq, married a widowed Queen. During the time of Pinedjem II he was recipient of an oracle from Amen at Thebes in favour of a mortuary cult for his father and good fortune for himself and the army. His grandson, Sheshonq I, became founder of the 22nd Dynasty at Bubastis with the support of the army and consolidated his reign by marrying his son Osorkon to a daughter of Psusennes II. The Libyans accepted Egyptian culture in a superficial way, retaining their separate group identity and militaristic outlook.  She also held the titles of Mistress of All the Land and Mistress of All Appearances.

Around 870-40 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Tashaenkheper at Thebes (Egypt)
Her background is not known, but she has been associated with Osorkon III.

842-37 Queen Athaliah of Southern Judeah (Israel)
She was the daughter of Achab Jehoram and Jezebel, and after the death of her son King Ahaziah, she seized power, ruling alone for six years. She is said to have massacred all the male members of the royal house, except for a baby son of Ahaziah, Jehoash, who was concealed by her stepdaughter Jehosheba. Some years later Jehosheba and her husband, the priest Jehoiada, organized a successful coup to place Jehoash on the throne. Ataliah was killed. Her story is told in the Old Testament in II Kings, II Chronicles.

814-813 Legendary Queen Elissa Dido of Chartago (Tunis)
According to legend she was the founder of Chartago but the city is much older.

811-806 Regent Dowager Queen Sammuramāt of Assyria
Ruled in the name of her son Adad-nirai III and might have continued as his co-ruler or they ruled different parts of the kingdom until 787/783. She was legendary for her efficient rule, where she managed to expand the kingdom. She lived (ca. 844-787/783).

754-14 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Shepenupet I Merytmut at Thebes (Egypt)
At the time Egypt was divided into three parts: The Delta ruled by the Pharaohs, the Middle Egypt and Upper Egypt ruled by the Priestess of Amun and Wife of God. She was daughter of Pharaoh Osorkon III and Karoaczet. In ca. 735 she adopted and appointed her successor, Princess Amenirdis I, and her official title was " The Ruleress of Both Countries". During the 25th and 26th dynasties (747-525) the office of God's wife of Amun was at its height politically and economically and was often combined with that of the chief of the priestesses of Amun at Thebes and in southern Egypt. It was during this time held by princesses from the ruling family in Tanis in Lower Egypt, as a means to secure peaceful relations with the Delta area. It included an 'oracle' function, through which political decisions were sanctioned as coming from God.

Ca. 745-27 Queen Zaire of Higaz (Arabia)
She payed tribute to king Tiglatilesaris III of Assyria (745-27).

Ca. 738-33 Queen Zabibe of Kedar (Jordan)
An Assyrian Vassal, she commanded armies containing large numbers of women. Succeeded by Queen Samsil.

Ca.736-690 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Amenirdis I at Thebes (Egypt)
The daughter of Kashta and Pebtama, she was sister of Piye, who proclaimed himself king of Egypt and "of all lands" by joint authority of Amun of Thebes and Amun of Napata. Her installation as High Priestess of Amun at Karnak gave him political constrol of Southern Egypt.

Ca. 733-ca. 10 Queen Samsil of Kedar (Jordan)
In 734 King Ahaz of Judah asked the help of Tiglath-pileser III, who had taken over the New Assyrian Empire (745-27), to help defend against a coalition of the forces of Rezen of Damascus and Pekah of Israel. Tiglath-pileser obliged by first demolishing Israel’s forces and then, in 732 marching against Damascus and killing king Pekah. She was forced to pay tribute to Tiglatpilesars III (745-27) in return for the use of the harbor of Gaza, which was in his control. She also paid tribute to his successor, Sargon II (722-05). Also known as Samsjja and was succeeded by Queen Yatie.

Ca. 730 Queen Mout of the Sudan
She is mentioned in accounts of the life her son, the Egyptian commander Taharqa, who led the Egyptian forces into Asia against the Assyrian Senachririb. She was married to king Piankhi of Sudan, who laid the foundation for his brother, Shabka to found the 25th Egyptian Dynasty by invading and subduing the various rebel forces in Lower Egypt.

Around 730-716 Queen Abar of Egypt
Daughter Kashta, she was the Sister-Wife of Pharaoh Pije (Piye) she among others held the titles of Lady of the Two Lands and Mistress of the Lands.

Around 716-702 Queen Qalhata of Egypt
The Mistress of the Land, she was married to Shabaka possibly as his Sister-Wife.

710-650 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Schepenupet II at Thebes (Egypt)
Daughter of Pharaoh Pije (Piye) and Peksater/Pekeresko. She adopted Amenirdis II and was joint ruler with her from 670, and also held the titles of Mistress and Lady of the Two Lands. As High Priestess she was the leader of the female music-makers who were regarded as the god’s harem and were identified with the goddess Hathor, who was associated with love and music. From the Twenty-third Dynasty and afterwards the priestesses were practically rulers of the theocracy, their duties centering around the reverence of Isis, and many other female and male goddesses and gods.

Ca. 730 Queen Yatie of Kedar (Jordan)
Also known as  Iati'e, she succeeded Queen Samsil as ruler of the nomadic Arabic tribe, living in the deserts of eastern Syria and Jordan. She was succeeded by Queen Te'el-hunu.

Ca. 705-690 Queen Nikauta Kadake of Ethiopia
Her successor, Basyo, reigned for seven years and was succeeded by Queen Akawakis Candace, who reigned for 10 years.

Ca. 690-ca. 67 Queen Telhunu of Kedar (Jordan)
Also known as Te'el-humu, she succeeded Queen Yatie she reigned jointly with King Kaza'il.ca. 690-ca. 675 and then with her successor, Queen Tabua.

Around 690-664 Queen Naparaye of Egypt
The daughter of Piye, she was the sister-wife of Taharka and held the titles of Lady of the Two Lands and Noblewoman of All the Lands, etc.

689 Regent Queen Naqi’a of Assyria
There is some confusion over the identity of the builder Queen whom Heroditus called Nitocris. Naqi’a was the wife of Sennacherib, who ruled (705-681), when, according to the biblical account (II Kings 19:37), he was murdered in Babylon by two of his sons. There is evidence that she acted as regent during his absence on military campaign. Her name indicates that she was of Jewish or Armenian origin.

Ca. 680-67 Queen Iskallabu of Arabia
Co-ruler with King Haza (ca. 680-69). She was Assyrian and placed on the throne by King Asarhaddon, of whom she was a vassal. 

Ca. 678-ca. 675 Queen Tabua of Kedar (Jordan)
The last of five Queens, she first reigned jointly with Queen Telhunu, who reigned from ca. 690. Tabua was succeeded by king Uaite ben Kaza''el.

670-640 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Amenirdis II at Thebes (Egypt)
She was daughter of Pharaoh Taharka. She was adopted by Schepenupet II but may never acctually have functioned in the office of the Wife of the God. She later adopted Nitocris I.

656-586 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Nitocris I Merymut at Thebes (Egypt)
Daughter of Pharaoh Psametyk I (Psammetichus), who reigned 656-640, and joint ruler with Amenirdis II until 640. She adopted Anchnesneferibre as God's Wife of Amun - 595-25, and as High Priestess 595-60.

598-97 Regent Queen Dowager Nehusta of Southern Judeah (Israel)
In charge of the government for her son, Jehoiachin, who reigned for 3 months. She was daughter of Elnatan of Jerusalem, and is mentioned in the Old Testament, II Book of Kings, 24th Chapter. 

595-25 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Ankhesenneferibre at Thebes (Egypt)
She was daughter of Pharaoh Psametyk II and Tachuit and adopted Nitocris II and also held the titles of Lady of the Lands, Lady of the Horus, Judge and Female Horus.

Around 600 Kandake Nensela of Kush (Sudan)
The mother of king Aspelta.

590-59 Legendary Ruler Adela of Friesland (The Netherlands and Germany)
After the murder of Frana in 586 BCE, the people wanted the "borugh maid" Adela to be their new Earth Mother, but she refused because she wished to resign from her citadel and marry, which she did. For the next thirty years no Mother could be elected because each state supported the its own Maiden. More land was lost to the Magy of the Finns and Magyars but not by conquest of arms. He used propaganda on children and bribes on the nobles, promising them permanent hereditary offices with special privileges. These were long term plans that undermined the very foundation of Friesland society. During Adela’s unofficial reign, nobles were then being mentioned but the meaning of such offices was changing. A count took the public inventory; he counted, initially the market sales which were taxed and the profits of the ships which were shared and later on, the military levy of armed men. It eventually became a position of privilege, even an hereditary one. A duke was a hearer of disputes like a local judge and it has already been mentioned that a king was an elected short-term commander.

552 Regent Priestess Addagoppe of Babylon (Iraq)
Also known as Adda-Goppi, she was Priestess of the sun god Sin in Haran, when she moved to Babylon and managed to have her son, Nabu-naid named king (555-39). He spend little time in Babylon, leaving the government in her hands. In order to strengthen the security of the city, she altered the course of the Euphrates and constricted tall embankments on each side. She also built a footbridge across the river. It seems that when her son left Babylon to reside in Taima in north-eastern Asia, and she seems to have continued to act as regent for grandson Bel-shar-usur when he was absent from the city. This might explain why she was buried in Harar with all the honors reserved for a Queen. The Historian Herdodotus wrote of her, but erroneously called her Nitrocris mistakenly had her married to king Labynetus of Assyria. But it seems to be a fact that she died at the age of 104, After her death, Nabu-naid appointed his daughter to be high priestess of the God Sin. Addagoppe lived (647-ca. 547).

Around 529 Queen Tamyris of the Massagatae Tribe (Iran)
According to legend, Cyrus the Great (559-30) wanted to marry her to acquire her portion of Persia (Iran) that she controlled as head of the Massagetae tribe. She refused and gathered an army to stop him. When he son died in battle, she took his place and led her troops to victory. So many accounts of warrior women appear in legends and traditional accounts that one must assume they were more common in battle than most modern historians credit them.

526-515 Regent Queen Dowager Pheretime of Cyrene of Salamis (Libya)
She took care of the government-business from Bule while her son, Arkesilaos III (526-510), re-conquered Cyrene. He was murdered and Egypt helped her take revenge.

525 High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun Nitocris II at Thebes (Egypt)
Daughter of Pharaoh Psametyk II.  She was the last High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun. In 525 king of Persia Kambyses II occupied Egypt and abolished the post of High Priestess and God's Wife of Amun who had been rulers of the theocracy from the 23rd Dynasty around 900.

521-before 515 Politically Influential Queen Atossa of Persia (Iran)
Also known as Hutaosâ, she was first married to her brother, Kambyses II (529-22). Afterwards she was forced to marry Magian usurper Smerdis, who had seized power in March 522. In September 522, Darius, a member of the younger branch of the royal family, the Achaemenids, staged a countercoup and became king. To improve his claim to the throne, Darius married both Atossa, her sister Artystone and her niece Parmys. There may have been another important element: the name Atossa is Zoroastrian, and it may be that she belonged to a family with conntection in the Persian religious establishment. There are indications that she died before 515 and that Herodotus' statement that she helped her oldest son, Xerxes become king therefore is unlikely to be true. The same applies to Aeschylus' play "The Persians", in which she is presented as a widow. She lived (before 545-before 515).

Ca. 520-ca. 480 Political Advisor Queen Gorgo of Sparta (Greece)
According to Herodotus she acted as an informal political advisor to her father, Cleomenes I, and her husband, Leonidas I.

Before 512 Queen Hypsipyle of Lemnos (Greece)
In the ancient realm of myth there is the account that in prehistoric times the island Lemnos was only inhabited by women. This island was called gynaikokratumene, which means reigned by women. In the Greek myth about the Argonauts, a group of men comes to this island on their way to the land of Colchis (in the East of the Black Sea), which was ruled by Hypsipyle. These women of Lemnos lived as self-confident Amazons on this island, their aim of life was not focused on fighting against men. It is likely that this myth reflects former matriarchal life on this island.

Ca. 480 Queen and Admiral Artemisia I of Caria-Harlikarnassos and Kos (Turkey)
As a vassal of Persia, Artemisia was obliged to recruit her own small force when Xerxes invaded Greece - in fact, Artemisia commanded five ships in her own right. Artemisia alone of his commanders advised Xerxes against a naval battle with the Greeks but Xerxes, however, chose to follow the advice of his male advisors, and met the Greeks on the sea in the channel of Salamis on 20th September 480 BCE. Artemisia was aboard one of her ships, commanding their movements. After the initial confusion, the Persians took the offensive. Though she only had one ship left, Artemisia herself disabled the ship of King Damasithymus of Calynda. At a council, Artmesia spoke her mind - she had opposed the war from the beginning and opposed its continuation. She advised Xerxes to leave his trusted commander Mardonus to pursue the Greeks whilst Xerxes himself return home, and would still maintained his dignity whether in victory or defeat. For her wisdom, Xerxes entrusted Artemisia with the care on his sons, and returned home to a kingdom racked by rebellion and conspiracy, to which he ultimately became a victim. Her kingdom prospering from her good relations with Persia. 

465-ca. 440 Politically Influential Queen Amestris of Persia (Iran)
The Greek historian, Therodotus, describes her as a cruel despot. Herodotus reported that she sacrificed children of Persians to the Gods. After the death of her husband, Xerxes I, she was politically influential during reign her son, Artaxerxes I Makrocheir. During the reign of her son Artaxerxes I (465-424), another son, Achaemenes, was killed by Egyptian rebels. They and their Athenian allies were defeated by the general Megabyzus, who offered terms to the rebels to shorten the war. According to the historian Ctesias, Amestris was enraged because Megabyzus had not punished the murderers of her son. Initially, Artaxerxes did not allow her her revenge, but after five years (around 449), he permitted her to crucify the Egyptian leader, Inarus, and kill several captives. She lived (before 486-ca. 440).

Before 440-429 Politically Influential Aspasia of Milos in Athens (Greece)
She was born in the Ionian Greek colony of Miletus (in what is now Turkey), but at some point travelled to Athens, where she became a hetaira - a high-class entertainer (or courtesan), which ment that she was highly educated, independent and payed paying taxes. As a foreigner she was legally forbidden to marry her lover Pericles, but after his divorce they lived together. After his two sons from his first marriage died, their common son obtained Athenian citizenship. Their house became an intellectual centre in Athens, attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Socrates. She was known not only to beautiful, but intelligent and skilled in writing and speech; moreover, she was believed to have great political influence. She was openly credited by writers such as Plato with making a significant contribution to Pericles' oratory, especially his famous funeral oration. Her political influence also brought her unpopularity; she was said, for example, to be responsible for the Samian revolt of 440, and for the Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431-404). She was not only attacked by the comic playwrights, but was actually accused of impiety by Hermippus, a comic poet, though Pericles was able successfully to defend her. Plato was so impressed by her intelligence and wit that he is thought to have based his character Diotima on her. After Pericles' death in 429 BCE, Aspasia married the democrat Lysides, with whom she had another son. She lived (ca. 469–ca. 406).

424-405 Joint-Ruler Queen Parysatis of Persia (Iran)
Daughter of Xerxes I (486-66), who was murdered by his chamberlain and succeeded by her brother, Xerxes II, who was assassinated after only 45 days by his half brother, Secydianus, but Parysatis and her husband and brother Darius II conspired against him and had him deposed after only 6 months. She was co-ruler during her husband’s reign, and among other things secured the appointment of her son, Cyrus as Satrap of Lydia, Cappadocia and Phrygia (all in western Turkey) in In 408 or 408. At the same time, he was appointed as commander in chief of Asia Minor, when he was only 15-17 years old. He succeeded to the throne in 404.

Around 401 Joint Ruler Queen Epyaxa of Cilicia (Turkey)
She is known from references to her in Xenophon's Persian Expedition, where she gives considerable aid to the rebel Cyrus. The comments about her do not explicitly state that she was a co-ruler with Syennesis III, simply that she was "Queen" - but she acted in a very independent fashion.

Years 400 Military Leader Telessilla, of Argos (Greece)
A warrior poet, she rallied the women of the besieged city of Argos with war hymns and chants and led them in defending the city against the invading forces.

Around 400 Queen Batnoam of Byblos (Lebanon)
Succeeded king Paltibaal as ruler of the ancient port today known as Jubayl.

Before the 300s Legendary Queen Opoin of the Scytians (Ukraine)
A wide-ranging group of horse nomads who emerged out of central Asia to displace the Cimmerians in the Ukraine during the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. They were among the first people to completely master the art of horsemanship, and their ferocity and mobility became legendary because of it. Superb mounted archers, they also maintained a brilliant and artistically gifted culture whose artifacts can be appreciated in museums around the world. Information about them is fragmentary; much of it derives from the Greek historian Herodotos, who is said to have visited them.

390-80 Queen Hadina Za Hadena of Ethiopia
Her successor, Bayo reigned for 7 years and was succeed by Queen Akawa Candace, who reigned for 10 years.

360-50 Queen/King Nikaula Candace of Ethiopia
The gender of this ruler is not known, but is believed to have been a woman.

Ca. 353-50 Queen Artemisia II of Caria, Rodhos and Harlikarnassos (Turkey)
Also Satrap of Asia Minor or Vice-Reine of the Persian King. Ca. 377-53 she had been co-ruler with her husband and brother, King Mausolos of Caria and Rodhos, who died 353. After Mausolos' death in 353, she became ruler in her own right, and constructed the 49 meters high monumental tomb "Mausoleum" at the center of the city which is a magnificent piece of art in the Hellenistic world and one of the Seven Wonders of the antique era.

345-332 Queen Candace of Meroe (Sudan)
One of the earliest references to the kentakes (Candacs) comes from 332 when Alexander the Great set his sights on the rich kingdom of Nubia. The presiding kentakes, known in history as "Black Queen Candace of Nubia", designed a battle plan to counter Alexander's advance. She placed her armies and waited on a war elephant for the Macedonian conqueror to appear for battle. Alexander approached the field from a low ridge, but when he saw the Black Queen's army displayed in a brilliant military formation before him, he stopped. After studying the array of warriors waiting with such deadly precision and realizing that to challenge the kentakes could quite possibly be fatal, he turned his armies away from Nubia toward a successful campaign in Egypt.

344-30 Regent Queen Cleopatra of Macedonia of Epirus (Greece)
Sister of Alexander the Great, Married to Alexander of Epirus. In 309 she was murdered. 

343-33 Queen Akawkis Candace of Ethiopia
Succeeded king Basyo.

340-35 and 334-20 Queen Ada I of Caria (Turkey)
Co-ruler with her brother and husband Idrieus in succession to their sister, Artemissa II. After his death she ruled alone for three years until her younger brother, Pixadarus (341-335), deposed her. She moved to her fortress Alinda, where she held out for several years. His daughter, Ada II, married a persian nobleman, Orontobates, who became satrap of Caria. Even after the death of Pixodarus, her son-in-law kept her a prisoner in Alinda. Seizing the opportunity afforded by Alexander’s invasion, Ada I opened negotiations with him offering the surrender of all of Caria if she were placed upon her rightful throne. She further offered to adopt him as her son making him at once the legal heir to the throne of Caria by Carian law. Alexander turned inland to face the armies of Orontobates and Memnon who stood ready to defend Halicarnassus. The siege was a short one as Alexander’s army was joined by the Carian forces loyal to their Queen and with Ada at the head of her armies given the honor of taking the acropolis. Though Orontobates and Memnon escaped by sea, Ada sat again on the throne of Halicarnassus and stayed there until her death sometime after the death of Alexander.

334-ca. 323 Regent Princess Barsine of Persia of Pergamon (Turkey)
Ruled in the name of her and Alexander the Great's son Herakles. She was the daughter of king Artabazos IV of Syria. Barsine was married to Mentor, her second husband was her brother Dariusz Memnon, since 333 she was the wife of Alexander the Great.

334-330 Co-Regent Queen Olympias of Epiros (Greece)
330-323 Regent of Epiros
323-16 Regent Dowager Queen of Macedonia (Greece)
Since around 357 she was married to king Philip II of Macedonia, and she later acted as regent for him during his military campaigns. Since 331 she was in exile in Epiros. After her brother's death in 330, with her daughter Cleopatra, she was regent of Epirus for her grandson Neoptolemos. Since 323 she was regent of Macedonia for her second grandson Alexander IV. Murdered during a rebellion and lived (375-316).

Until early the 300's Queen Regnant Tirghetau of Circassia (Russia)
She was head of the region in the foothills north of the Caucasus. Its inhabitants, a sturdy, handsome folk with many often rapacious neighbors, have developed a warrior culture as a response to repeated invasions and slaving raids.

322-317 Politically influential Queen Eurydice II of Macedonia 
319-317 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
Daughter of Kynane and Amyntas IV of Macedonia, and influential during the reign of her husband, king Philippos III Arrhidaeus of Macedonia. 319-317 de facto co-ruler of Macedonia with Nicanor. She fought for the power with Olympias. Killed in 317. She lived (337-317).

322-287 Politically influential Queen Phila of Macedonia
294-287 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
The daughter of Antipater I, regent of Macedonia. She was influential during the reigns of her husbands Crateros ( 322-319) and Demetrius I (319-287), and was active in diplomacy until she killed herself in 287.

322 Military Leader Kynane in Macedonia (Greece)
The sister of Alexander the Great, married to king Amyntas of Macedonia, she supported the marriage of her daughter Euridike to Filip Arridajos, who became king of Macedonia. Kynane was murdered, and lived (Ca. 357-322).

320-335 Joint Ruler Queen Kumaradevi Licchavi of the Gupta Empire (India)
She was always mentioned jointly with her husband Maharajadhiraj Chandragupta I in seals and proclamations. The Guptas were an obscure clan and it is their alliance with the Licchavi Federation that enabled them to rise to power swiftly. Naturally, the stronger partner in the alliance would insist that their representative hold equal power. It is also emphasized by the fact that their son, Samrat (emperor) Samadragupta is always described in the family list as 'son of Licchavi daughter'.

314-13 Ruler Kratesipolis of Korinthos and Siyon (Greece)
In 308 she handed over Korinthos to Ptolomy I of Egypt.

306-285 Regent Dowager Queen Amastris of Herakleia, Pontica and Pontos (Turkey)
Pontos is also known as or Pontoiraklaia. She was a niece of Dariusz III Kodoman, she was married to tyrant Dionizos, Krateros and since 300 to Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia, whom she divorced in 298 and returned Herakleia. After her death Lysimachus give Herakleia to Arsinoe II. Amastris lived (?-285). 

Around 306 Politically Influential Dowager Queen Xuantaihou of the Qin Dynasty in China
After the death of her husband, King Wuwang she had a relationship with a King of the Yiqu Statelet in today's northwestern Shenxi Province. She had two sons with him, but had the king killed and incorporated the lands of Longxi (Gansu), Beidi (Yinchuan of Ningxia) and Shangjun (Yulin, Shenxi Prov) in the Kingdom her son, King Zhaoxiangwang of Qin, who ruled 306-251.

Around 300 Queen Kuwerami of the Waytharly Kingdom (Myanmar-Burma)
Succeeded king Rembotepa and was succeeded by Urmasiye. Some historians believe that records about Waytharly kingdom were legendary.

Around 300 Celtic Chiefess in Reinheim (Germany)
Known from her very elaborate grave. 

298/97-95 Regent Dowager Queen Thessalonica of Macedonia (Greece)
Regent for her son Philippos IV.

285-281 Ruler Arsinoe II Piladelphos of Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos (Turkey)
281-279 Resided in Kassandreia
277-70 Co-Regent Queen of Egypt
The daughter of Ptolemy I Soter, she was married to King Lisymachus of Tracia 299-281. He gave her Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos. After his death in 281 she resided in Kassandreia. She had been married to her half brother Ptolomy Keraunos of Macedonia, but after he murdered one of her sons in 279 she escaped to Egypt. Before 274 she was wife of and co-ruler of her, brother Ptolomy II Piladelphos. She lived (around 316-270).

284/281-around 274 Queen Arsinoe I of Egypt
She ruled with her husband Ptolemy II Piladelphos, but was found guilty of plotting against him and exiled to Coptos in the 270s, possibly in 274/3. She was daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia. Mother of Ptolemy III, Lysimachus and Berenice Phernophorus, and lived (305/295 -?).

Ca. 262-35 Regent Dowager Queen Olympiada of Epiros (Greece)
After the death of Pyrrhus II, she was reigned in the name of Ptolemy (ca. 262-235).

Ca. 260-50 Queen Nikoses Candace of Ethiopia
It is possible that she reigned 240-30.

260-50 Queen Bartare of Meroe (Sudan)
A large number of reigning Queens, known as Kandakes (or Candaces), is recorded in the history of Meroe. This forms a link with the matriarchal traditions of Africa and the high status accorded to women in Nubian culture. Already in the period of the Kushite Dynasty in Egypt, leading social positions, among them that of king, were passed down through the female line. Kings traced their lineage back through their mothers. The successor to a dead king would generally be the son of his sister.

253-246 Queen Regnant Berenike of Pentapolis (Cyrene) (Libya)
246-21 Co-Regent Queen (Berenike II Euergetis) of Egypt
Daugther of King Magas of Cyrene( BCE 308-253) and Apame. Since 246 she was married to Ptolomy III Euergetes I. Mother of 4 children: Ptolomy IV Filopator, Magas, Arsinoe and Berenike. Her son Ptolomy IV killed her in 220. She lived (258-220).

253 Sovereign Lady Laodike III of Egypt of Propontis (Turkey)
247-246 Regent of Syria
Politically active during the reign of her husband-brother (or cousin, King Antiochiaos II of Syria (267/66), and after their divorce, she became Lady of Propontis. Later regent for Seleukos II Kallinikos and after he came of age she remained politically active until she was murdered. She lived (287/84-237/36).

253 Regent Dowager Queen Apama of Cyrene (Libya)
She was a daughter of king Antiochia I Soter of Syria and Statonike.In 274 she married King Magas of Cyrene. She was deposed by daughter, Berenike, married to Ptolomy III of Egypt and the two countries were united. 

250 Regent Dowager Queen Etazeta of Bithynia (Tyrkey)
After the death of her husban, king Nicomedes I, she continued to rule on behalf of their infant sons. Zialas, a grown-up son by an earlier wife, Ditizele, had previously fled to Armenia. Now Ziaelas returned, at the head of some Galatians. Although she was supported by neighbouring cities and Antigonus, Ziaelas conquered first part, then all of Bithynia. Etazeta and her sons, including another Ziboetes, fled to Antigonus’ court in Macedonia.

250-241 Politically Influential Queen Agezystrata of Sparta (Greece)
She was married to king Eudamidas II of Sparta and was the mother of king Agis IV (ruled 244-241). She was very rich and helped her son by country reforms. Agis IV had to convince his mother about his plans because of her authority in the city. She was murderd with son and mother in 241.

248-233 Queen Deidamia of Epiros (Greece)
Ptolemy was king (ca. 262-235). Pyrrhus III succeeded as king in 235.

Before 246 Regent Dowager Empress Xuan of the Qin Dynasty in China
She reigned the state as regent for 41 years even after her son had become an adult. After she became old, it still took him three years’ work to curb her power. She was seen as an astute politician and had laid the base for Qin Shihuangdi to unite China.


246 Regent Dowager Queen Berenice Syra of Syria
The daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt, and her marriage in 252 to Antiochus II marked a temporary cessation in the wars between the Egyptian monarchs and the Seleucids. After the death of her husband she took over the regency and her army conquered Soloia in Cilicia, but Laodice, the king's divorced first wife, had Berenice and her infant son killed before her brother, Ptolemy III, could arrive. New war resulted.


245 Dowager Tyrant Nikaia of Korinthos and Euboia (Greece)
Married to the uncle of Alexander the Great, Antigonos Gonatas, Governor of Macedonia etc., and was his co-ruler until he was deposed in 250. She then married his son Demetrios II. 

244-224 Politically Influential Queen Agiatis of Sparta (Greece)
She was heiress to the substantial property of her father Gylippus. Until 241 she was married to king Agis IV and supported his reforms in country. Her second husband was king Cleomenes III (235-222), was heavily influenced by her. He sympathized with his wife's devotion to Agis and her remembrance of him. Consequently he often asked about what had happened, and paid careful attention when she explained Agis' purpose and policy. She died in 224.

244-241 Politically Influential Queen Archidamia of Sparta (Greece)
She was very rich and helped her grandson by country reforms. Murdered in 241. She was one of a number of Spartan Princesses who led female troops. She fought against Pyrrhus during the siege of Lacedemon in the 3rd century BCE. The Princess Chelidonis captained women warriors atop the city wall during a siege of Sparta in 280 BCE. Murdered in 241.

 240/230 Queen Nikoses Candace of Ethiopia
Succeeded king Basyo.

233-32 Rani Padmavati of the Maurya Empire (India)
After the death of her husband Ashoka Vardhana or Govindchand she ruled the empire which was the first really large and powerful centralised state inIndia. It was very well governed, with tempered autocracy at the top anddemocracy at the city and village levels. Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra, had expressed his admiration for the efficient administration of the empire. His book 'Indica' is a collection of comments of other Roman and Greek travelers, and Megasthenes wrote about the prosperity of the Mauryan cities. Since she had no children her her advisors appointed Hariprem Vairagi as king.

231-28 Regent Dowager Queen Teuta of Arcliano (Illyrian State) (Albania)
She had practically been co-ruler with her husband Agron, and after his death in 230 BCE, she was regent for son Pinnes. The state covered Northern Albania and part of Montenegro.

217-205 Co-Regent Queen Arsinoe III of Egypt
Co-ruler with son Ptolomy IV Philopator. In 217 she participated in the battle by Rapheia, killed after her husband's death. Their son Ptolomy was born earlier the same year. 

Ca. 215-175/76 Co-Reigning Queen Kamasayre Philoteknos of the Bosporanian Realm (Crimean) (Georgia)
Ruled jointly with husband, Pairisades II, who died around 190.

213/212-203 Politically Influential Agathoclea in Egypt
She and her mother had great influence over her lover, king Ptolemy IV, and they were very influential in the royal court together with her brother, Agathocles. Theyt were all killed during an uprising against her brother.

213/212-203 Politically Influential Oenanthe in Egypt
Together with her daughter and son, they were very influential during the reign of king Ptolemy IV.

200's Queen Martia Proba of a Celtic Tribe (United Kingdom)
Her seat of power was in London, and she was holding the reins of government so wisely as to receive the surname of Proba, the Just. She especially devoted herself to the enactment of just laws for her subjects, the first principles of the common law tracing back to her; the celebrated laws of Alfred, and of Edward the Confessor, being in great degree restorations and compilations from the laws of Martia, which were known as the "Martian Statutes".

Late 200s-early 100s Legendary Queen Amage of the Roxolanoia (Russia)
The Roxolanoia tribe was probably deriving their name from the proto-Iranian Raokhshna, or “shining”. The name may also derive from a term meaning, essentially, “The Western Alans”. They were among the most powerful of the Sarmatian tribes, inhabiting much of the region north of the Black Sea. The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolanoi originally.

195-80 Dowager Empress Lü Hou of China
She was married to a former peasant named Gao Zu, whom she had goaded into power and who ruled as the first emperor of the Han Dynasty. She had her son named heir, and acted as regent after the death of her husband. When her son died, she designated another child to succeeded him. When the young emperor began to question her authority, she had him imprisoned and designated a third child-emperor. In 180 one of her late husband's relatives had her put to death, an placed her stepson, Wen-Ti Han (180-157), on the throne.

194 Co-Reigning Queen Stratonike of Assyria (Syria)
Her former husband Seleuklos left the throne and her to his son, Antiochiaos I, her stepson. 

194-176 Joint Reigning Queen Cleopatra I of Egypt
187 Vizier
She had been appointed to the office of Vizier in 187. Daughter of king Antiochiaos III of Syria, and joint regent with husband, Ptolomy V Epifanes. She lived (204-176).

188-180 Empress Oxu of China  
De-facto ruler with a number of nominal emperors from the Han Dynasty.

170-150 Queen Shanakdakheto of Meroe (Nubia)
Her name is carved in a ruined temple where the earliest inscriptions in Meroitic hieroglyphic writing are found. Her pyramid at Meroë is one of the largest ever built for a Kushite ruler. It has a unique chapel with two rooms and two pylons. The chapel is among the most elaborately carved of any known. The scenes in the chapel show military campaigns to the south and the capture of numerous cattle and prisoners.

173-64 and 164-115 Co-Regent Queen Cleopatra II Filometor of Egypt
127 Sole Ruler of Egypt
Daughter of Cleopatra I and Ptolomy V Epifanes and married to her brother, Ptolomy VI, 145 regent for son Neos Philator VII, 144 married to brother Ptolomy VIII, assassinated son and became co-regent again. In 142 her husband married her daughter, Cleopatra and made her co-regent. War between Cleopatra II, her brother-husband and her daughter, 131-27, she was sole ruler in Egypt, 127 exile by daughter Cleopatra Thea of Syria, 124 reconciled with husband and daughter and ruled jointly with them. After Ptolomy's death in 116 she reigned together with daughter and grandson. Cleopatra II was killed 115. She lived (184-115).

153 Queen-Candidate Laodike IV of Syria
The Daughter of Antiochiaes IV, she was presented in the Roman Senate as rival to the throne against Demetrios I.

150-125 De-facto Ruler Cleopatra Thea of Syria
125-121 Queen Regnant of Syria
129-21 Joint Reigning Queen of Egypt
Married to Alexander Balas, 150, Demetrios II 146 and Antiochiaus VII 138-29, Co-ruler with son Antiochiaus VIII. Her husband Demetrius was weak and she was the de-facto ruler. After his death she ruled in her own right, having her other claimants to the throne killed. Her son, Antiochiaus VIII Grypus (121-96) was co-ruler only in name. But in 121 Cleopatra offers a cup of wine to Antiochiaus when he has returned from the hunt. He insisted that she drank the wine herself, which she did - and died.  

141-135 Regent Dowager Empress Dou of China
She reigned in the name of her grandson, Emperor Wu Di, who struggled to build a coalition of support to challenge her influence. Imperial patronage swung back and forth like a pendulum depending on who momentarily enjoyed the upper hand. She wielded her influence by supporting scholars associated with "Daoist" thinking, and when the Confucians tried to bypass consulting with her, the Daoists became enraged and had several Confucians secretly investigated. Afterher death, the Confucians gained the upper hand. She (d. 135).

138-before 127 Regent Dowager Queen Ri-'nu of Parthia (Turkey)
Other versions of her name is Riinu or Rihinu, and she was regent for son Phraates II.

136-131  Joint Reigning Queen Cleopatra III of Egypt
131-129 Co-ruler in Kyros
116-101 Co-ruler of Egypt
Daughter of Cleopatra II and Ptolomy VI. Married to her uncle, Ptolomy (Ptolemy) VIII Euergetes II, while her mother was still his official wife. She had two sons - Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II (Lathyros) and Ptolemy X Alexander I as well as three daughters, Cleopatra IV, Cleopatra Tryphaena, and Cleopatra Selene. Her husband left the succession to Cleopatra and to whichever son she preferred. The Alexandrians wanted Lathyros, governor of Cyprus to be co-regent. He was was brought back to Alexandria to co-rule and Cleopatra's favourite, Alexander was sent to Cyprus. Lathyros was married to his sister, Cleopatra IV but their mother repudiated the marriage and replaced her with another sister, Cleopatra Selene. Cleopatra IV went to Cyprus where she tried to raise an army and to marry Ptolemy Alexander. She failed and moved on to Syria where she used her army as a dowry and married Antiochiaus IX Cyzicenus who was son of Antiochiaus Sidetes and Cleopatra Thea. Cleopatra III finally succeeded in driving out Lathyros in 107 BCE when she accused him of trying to murder her. He left behind his wife and his two sons. His brother returned from Cyprus and assumed the throne. After the death of Alexander in a naval battle, Lathyros, who was now in his mid-fifties, was brought back to Alexandria to try to put back together the Ptolemaic empire. He died at the age of 62 and left no legitimate heir to the throne as both of his sons by Cleopatra Selene appear to have died at a young age. His daughter Cleopatra Berenice ruled alone for a while after his death. She lived (161-101).

135-23 Regent Dowager Queen Agathokleia of Gandhara (India, Pakistan and Afghanistan)
She took over the regency for her son, Strato I after the death of her husband, Menander (155-135), a Greek general born in India and sucessor to the Indo-Bactrian Empire. His capital Sagala became very important centre of learning and art. He possibly expanded the Empire into the Ganges river plain with help of Panchala king. Menander was well known to Indians as the great King Milinda, who debated Buddhist doctrine with the philosopher Nagasena in a question and answer format. Very little is known about the successors of Menander. There was a mention of Antialcidas and his emissary Heliodorus in the form of an inscription on a pillar Sanchi in India. Agathokleia was born as a Bactian Princess.

135-105 Queen Regnant […]khale of Meroe (Sudan)
The first part of her name has been lost in the incription of her name in the list of Meroean rulers.

130 De Facto Ruler Queen Laodike of Cappadocia (Greece)
The widow of Ararathes V of Cappadocia, she poisoned 5 (step)sons and ruled in the name of the 6th.

130-126 Regent Dowager Queen Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
Widow of Ariarathes V Epiphanes Philipator and regent for their son Ariarathes V (130-116). In 190 her husband had secured that the state became an independent kingdom. Formerly it was a satrapy under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was incorporated by Alexander the Great into the Macedonian Empire, and on Alexander's death became a client state of the Selecucid Empire.

125/24 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadani of Iberia (Georgia)  
After the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam), she assumed the regency for her  grandson Pharasmenes III (135-185) in the ancient country in Transcaucasia, roughly the eastern part of  present-day Georgia. It was inhabited in earliest times by various tribes, collectively called Iberians by ancient historians, although Herodotus called them Saspirams. The kingdom was allied to the Romans, ruled by the Sassanids of Persia, and became a Byzantine province in the 6th century. She was widow of King Pharasmenes II Kveli (ca. 116-32), and daughter of King Sanatroukes a Parthian King of Armenia. She was (b. ca. 100).

123-111 Politically Influential Queen Cleopatra Tryphæna of Syria
During the reign of her husband, king Antiochiaus VIII Grypos of Syria. She was daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolomy VIII of Egypt, and was killed in 111.

120-115 Regent Dowager Queen Laodice of Pontus (Turkey)
Following the death of her husband, king Mithradates V, she ruled in the place of her 11 years old son, Mithradates VI. Eupator Dionysos. About 115 BCE, she was deposed and thrown into prison by her son. She was daughter of king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria and Queen Laodice.

116-115  Joint Reigning Queen Cleopatra IV of Egypt 
She was first married to brother Ptolomy IX who divorced her, and then to Antiochiaus IX of Syria, who was murdered in 112 after his fall from power. 

115-110 and 109-07 Joint Reigning Queen Cleopatra V Selene of Egypt
115-69 Politically Influential in Syria
Daughter of Cleopatra III and Ptolomy VIII. She was married to brother Ptolomy IX, to king Antiochiaus VIII Grypos of Syria, to Antiochiaus IX of Syria, and since 95 to king Antiochiaus X Eusebes Filopator of Syria. Mother of two sons. 93-69 she fought for the throne of Egypt for her sons. With Ptolomy IX she had Ptolomy X and Ptolomy XI. She was killed and lived (ca. 135-69).

113-112 Regent Dowager Queen Cu-Thi of Nam Viêt (Vietnam)
Ruled for one year until she and her son were murdered together with son, Trieu Ap Vu'o'ng. Duong Vuong reigned for one year until the Han Emperor Wudi invaded the country and renamed it as Giao Chi prefecture. The Chinese ruled Vietnam until 544 CE.

Around 107-57 Envoy Feng Liao in Western China
During the reign of Emperor Wu Di (BCE 140-86) she companied Princess Xieyou as her lady-in-waiting on her bridal journey to marry the chieftain of the Wusun tribe in the Western Regions. Feng Liao was to remain in the western regions for over 50 years. Acting as the Princess's envoy, she did much to promote unity and friendship between the Hans and the various minority nationalities in the Western Regions. Touring the tribes south of the Tianshan Mountains in the Western Regions, she succeeded in establishing friendly relations with them all. Feng Liao was a student of history, and she avidly studied the policies of the Han court, as well as the customs of people living in the Western Regions. Her political insight, manners and generosity won her the honorable title, "Madame Feng". Another outstanding contribution, that Feng Liao made, was to settle a struggle over power among the Wusun tribal chiefs. Those in power in the Wusun tribe were then splitting into two fiercely contending factions: one being pro-Xiongnu, and the other pro-Han. When the old chieftain died, the Han Princess married his successor Wongguimi, who also had a Xiongnu wife. Wongguimi also died not long after, leaving his son Nimi, born of his Xiongnu wife, in power.

Ca. 102-ca.90 Joint Queen Regnant Anzaza of Elymias (Iraq)
She was joint ruler with Kamnaskares III (ca. 120-ca. 77) of the Helleno-Iranian kingdom located in what is now southeastern Iraq and the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Its name is a Hellenization of "Elam", an ancient state in roughly the same region. Its capital was Susa, the center of the Achaemenid Persian kings.

101-88 Co-Regent Queen Berenike III of Egypt
81-80 Reigning Queen (6 months)
Married to Oheimis Ptolomy X, 88-81 she reigned joinly with father Ptolomy IX, 81 sole ruler, 80 married and co-ruler with step-son Ptolomy XI who had her murdered after 19 days. He was later murdered him self. She lived (120-80).

Years 100 Queen of Pandyan (India)
She was ruler of the Tamil dynasty in the extreme south of India, and first mentioned by Greek authors in the fourth century BCE Megasthenes mentioned that the Pandyan kingdom was ruled by a daughter of Herakles, and credited her with having an army of 4.00 cavalry, 13.000 infantry and 500 elephants. The poetry and heroic ballads that survive from this period indicates that the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pndyas were in constant conflict with each other.

100s Queen Larthia Seianti of the City State of Caere in Etruria (Italy)
Her splendid sarcophauge has lead historians to speculate that she might have been Queen of the City State of Chiuisi or Caere. Even if Caere did not have kings and Queens at this time (as did Rome, or as Caere certainly did in the 5th century), it is clear that society had become sharply differentiated, not only in regard to wealth but also in division of labour. Many scholars hypothesize the existence of a powerful aristocratic class, and craftsmen, merchants, and seamen would have formed a middle class; it was probably at this time that the Etruscans began to maintain the elegant slaves for which they were famous.

Around 100 Ruler Aba of  Olbe (Turkey)
The daughter of Zenofantes, tyrant of Cilicia, and Olbe was a city in this principality.

Ca. 82-65 Joint Ruler Queen Anzaze of the Arskadies and Sasanides (or Elymasis) (Persia)
She ruled together with King Kamnaskires II.

80-57 Co-Regent Queen Cleopatra VI Tryphæna of Egypt
57-56 Reigning Queen
Daughter of Cleopatra V and sister of Cleopatra VII and Berenike IV. She was joint ruler with some members of her family and sole ruler after the death of her father.

76-67 Queen Regnant Salome Alexandra of Israel
She succeeded her husband Alexander Jannaeus and was succeeded by son.

74-67 Joint Regent Dowager Empress Shangguan of China
When her husband, Emperor Zhaodi died at the age of 22, she became regent for her son Emperor Xuan Di, who ruled 74-49. Her maternal grandfather, Huo Guang, was in control. He had her tutored in the Confucian classics.

71-6? Regent Dowager Queen Sayiadat of Molokram (Arabia)
She was regent for Rabb'il from the Nabatean Dynasty.

62-47 Princess Musa Orsobaris of Prusias (Albania)


58-33 Queen Nikotnis Candace of Ethiopia


57-55 Reigning Queen Berenike IV of Egypt
Also known as Bernice, she was the oldest daughter of Auletes (Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos) and ruled for three years during his exile. At the beginning of his exile, she co-ruled with her mother Cleopatra V Tryphaena until the mother's death about a year later. She married Seleucus Kybiosaktes but had him strangled. She then married Archelaus. Her father finally paid out enough money and was brought back to Egypt. Archelaus' army was defeated and Pompey suggested that Auletes be returned to the throne. One of his first acts was to have his daughter executed. She lived (78-55).

51-30 Queen (Joint Ruler) Cleopatra VII of Egypt
37 Princess of Kalkis, Lebanon, Phoenician and Kilika
34 Queen of Kings
Married to brother Ptolomy XIII, he had her exiled in 48, but from the following year, she was co-ruler with second brother Ptolomy XIV and from 44 co-ruler with her and Cæsar's son Ptolomy XV Cesarion after Cæsar deposed Ptolomy XIII. 41 civil war, in 34 she was given title of Queen of Kings and her husband title King of Kings in the World Realm of her other husband Antonius, 33-31 at war with Octavian, deposed and committed suicide in 30.

48-13 CE De facto ruler Queen Chen-chuan of China
First together with husband, Yuan Ti and afterwards with a succession of heirs; first with son Cheng Ti and then with nephew Wang Mang. She (d. 13 CE). 

48 Co-Ruler Arsinoe IV of Kypros 
48-47 Anti-Queen of Egypt
Daughter of Ptolomy XII, after fights with Cæcar in 48 she was sent to Rome but released in 41 on her sister, Cleopatra VIIs request, and was co-ruler with her husband-brother Ptolomy XIV, who divorced her in 47 when he married their sister Cleopatra. Since 47 she was in exile in Rome and then in Efez. Murdered on the request of Antonius, and lived (63-41).

47-42 Reigning Queen Anula of Sri Lanka
She succeeded husband, King Tissa (50-47) and ruled jointly with Vatuka, Darubhatika Tissa and Niliya all in 47 and Kutakanna Tissa, who was king 41-19. She is rumored to have had all her husbands poisoned. 

44-41 Politically Influential Fulvia in Rome (Italy)
Daughter of Mark Fulvius Bamboni and Sempronia. In succession she was married to Clodius Pulcher (murdered in 52), Curio (died 49), Mark Antonio. In 52 she testified against Clodius' murderer (Milo), and may have organized support for him. In 44 Cicero attacked her in speeches against Antonio. 43 Siege of Mutina Antonio was defeated by Octavian. Fulvia canvasses for Antonio, among senators, blocks attempt to declare him a public enemy (against Cicero), lawsuits to strip her property failed. After the forming of the Second Triumvirate Fulvia was accused of profiting from confiscations. In 41 she supposedly controlled affairs at Rome, opposed Octavian, raised troops with L. Antonius, but he was defeated by Octavian by the siege in Perugia in 40. She died of illness in 40.

43-28 Regent Dowager Queen Polemakratia of Asten and Odryseem (Thrakia)(Albania)
Ruled in the name of her son, King Kotys.

41-12 Queen Amanishabheto of Meroe (Nubia)
Also known as Amanishakhete, she repulsed the Roman Army in three battles that Octavius had sent to conquer Nubia 24-21BCE. When the Roman emperor Augustus levied a tax on the Cushites, she and her son, Akinidad, led a fierce attack on a Roman fort at the Egyptian city Aswan. Under orders from Augustus, the Roman general Petronius retaliated but met strong resistance from her and her troops. The two parties agreed to negotiate a settlement. Ambassadors from both sides met at the Greek Island Samos, where the Romans agreed to rescind the tax and return land to the Cushites. She possessed vast wealth and power, considering the pyramid where she lay buried and the treasures that surrounded her in her death. Her mud brick palace is one of the largest identified to date. It measures some 61 meters in length and covers an area of some 3,700 squares meters. The ground floor contained over 60 rooms for various purposes. This palace originally had a second story as the remains of columns found on the ground floor indicate, and this may have contained an atrium, a design feature paralleled elsewhere. She was succeeded by her daughter, Amanitore.

34 Queen Regnant Cleopatra Selene of Cyrene and Libya (Libya)
Daughter of Cleopatra VII and Antonius, who appointed her as Queen. In 20 married to King Luba II of Mauritania.

30-20 Regent The Dowager Queen of Molokram (Arabia)
She was regent for Obodas III from the Nabatean Dynasty.

Around 15 Queen Amanisahte of Meroe (Nubia)
Succeed by husband Queen Amaitere and King Natakamani.

Until BCE 13 and BCE 8-7/8 CE Reigning Queen Dynamis of the Bosporanian Realm (Georgia)
A grandchild of King Mithridatis of Persia, she inherited the country from her father. In 17/16 her first husband, Asander, died. Her second husband was deposed by the third, the king of Pontus. They divorced and she was in exile until his death. Died ca. 70 years old. and was succeeded by fourth husband, Spurges, who had not previously been co-ruler.

BCE12-CE 12 Queen Amanitore of Meroe (Sudan)
She succeeded her mother, Amanishaketo, jointly with her husband King Natakamani. She is mentioned in the Bible in the story about the Conversion of the Ethiopian in Acts 8:26-40: "And the angel of the Lord spoke to Philip, saying, Get up, and go toward the south unto the way that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza, which is desert. And he got up and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem to worship, Was returning, and sitting in his chariot read Isaiah the prophet.....". She was succeeded by Queen Nawidemak.

BCE 10-5, 4-2 and BCE 6-12 CE Queen Regnant Erato of Greater Armenia  
Her father, Tigran III had been force to accept the supremacy of Rome, but the dynasty still used the title of "King of Kings." She first married her half-brother Tigran IV, who was disposesed by Augustus because of suspected treachery, and Tiberius came again to Armenia to replace him with their cousin Artavazd. This led to discontent and finally to civil war, partly instigated by Tigran, whom Phraates, King of Parthia, was secretly backing. Augustus sent his godson, Caius Caesar, to bring about an appeasement, but before his arrival, Tigran IV was killed in a riot, while she took to flight. The revolt was supressed, and in the year 1 CE, the Armenian throne was bestowed upon Ariobarzan, a Mede by origin, who was accepted because of his eminent qualities. But he very shortly was killed by accident, and Augustus nominated Artavazd, his son, as his successor. But the opposition to foreign rule soon found expression in the assassination of the King. Augustus thereupon abandoned his ill-conceived policy and sent Tigran V, a descendant of the national dynasty, to occupy the throne. But the nation's tranquility, apparently restored by this concession, was soon disturbed. The nobles recalled Queen Erato, but also her second reign was short, and her overthrow marked the end of the dynasty of Artashes and Tigran.

BCE 8-23 CE Queen Regnant Pythodorida of Pontus (Turkey)
She succeeded Polemon I, and in 23 the kingdom was reincorporated into the Roman Empire.

BCE 3- 6 CE Regent Dowager Queen Thea Ourania of Parthei (Turkey)
Took over the regency for son Pharaateces after the death of her husband, Phraates IV.

1-6 Reigning Dowager Empress of China
The widow of emperor Lui Xin (BCE 5-CE 1), she reigned together with Minister Wang Mang in the name of the nominal emperor Liv Kan. The Han dynasty ended in year 8 after a reign of more than 200 years, during which the methods of bureaucracy was developed, which held the vast empire together.

Around year 1 Queen Medb of Connaught (Ireland)
Also known as  Maeve, she was daughter of the high king of Ireland, Ouchu Feidlich, and married King Ailill mac Mata of Connaught. It seems that she was once married to Conchobor mac Nessa, the king of Ulster. She was powerful enough to be euhemorized in myth as a triune goddess of fertility and nature. 

3-40 Regent Queen Antonia Thryphaena of Pontus (Turkey)
38-40 Regent of Thrace
Ruled in the name of son King Polemos who succeeded her mother in Pontus in Asia Minor. He succeeded a brother, Rhoemetaces, who had become king after the murder of her husband, Kytos.

7/8-23 Queen Pythodoris I Philometer of Pontus (Turkey)
Also known as Pantos Pythodorida, she succeeded husband, Polemon I, and married King Archelaos of Cappadocia. Succeeded by daughter and her son.

11-40 Joint Reigning Queen Shaqilat I of the Nabataean Kingdom (Jordan)
She appeared on the coins together with her usband king Aretas IV, indicating a joint rule.

Around year 12 Queen Regnant Nawidemak of Meroe (Sudan)
Also known as Naldamak, she succeed her mother, Amanitore, who reigned from BCE 12. Nawidemak is portrayed on a pyramid as Osiris, a male god sheltered by the wings of the great goddess Isis. Before her ruled aunknown queen. Her husband was prince Apedemakhe. Her son Arikharer [Arikhankharer] ruled in 10-15.

14-29 De-facto Co-Regent Augusta Livia of the Roman Empire
Livia Drusilia Augusta was a member of the ancient, wealthy and powerful patrician gens claudia, the Claudian family. Octavian divorced his first wife Scribonia and forced Livia to divorce Tiberius so they could marry in 38 BCE. It was a political marriage in the tradition of the Republic, intended to bring together the wealth and might of the gens claudia and the gens julia, the Julian family, into which Octavian had been adopted by Julius Cæsar. The marriage thus formed an important part of Octavian's strategy in the intense power struggles of the late Republic. The dynasty they founded is known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Though their union was political in nature, there were warm feelings between the two, at the very least a profound sense of mutual loyalty. Their marriage lasted 52 years, until the death of Augustus in 14 CE. Livia never bore him any children, but Augustus Adopted Tiberius after a number of other possible heirs all died. Livia's son Drusus died in an accident in 9 CE. Livia was quite influential, through her personal wealth, through her intelligence and political sense, and through her marriage. She played a central role in the establisment of the Principate, along with Augustus and M. Agrippa. Livia's influence continued when her son Tiberius became emperor, until her death in 29 CE at the age of 85. She was deified by her grandson Claudius in CE 41, and lived (BCE 58-CE 29).

Until ca. 23 Queen Regnant Candace of The Meroe (Sudan)
Sudan was concord by the Romans.

30-40 Joint Princess Regnant Helena of Adiabene (North Iraq)
Ruled jointly with husband Bazeus Monobazus. The rulers of the territory had converted to Judaism.

35 Queen Sivali of Sri Lanka
She succeded to the throne upon the death of her older brother, king Culabhaya, but after four months her cousin, Ilangaga dethroned her and and raised the parasol of sovereignty)in the capital.

35-65 Queen Regnant Candice of Meroe (Sudan)


39-41 Queen Regnant Gepaepyris of the Bosporan Kingdom  (Georgia)
She succeeded husband, Aspurgos, the widower of Queen Dynamis as ruler of the Kingdom in the Crimean by the Black Sea.

39-43 Joint Reigning Queen Trúng Trac of Parts of Vietnam
39-43 Joint Reigning Queen Trúng Nhi of Parts of Vietnam
The two sisters lead a defending army against the Chinese occupation-forces, they ruled over a territory until they were defeated. They are today seen as national heroes and known as Hai Ba Trung (The Trung Sisters).

Ca. 40-70 Joint Queen Regnant Shakilat of the Nabataean Kingdom 70-76 Regent Dowager Queen of Nabatea (Jordan)
The daughter of Aretas IV, she reigned jointly with her husband and brother, king Maliku III also known as Malichus and after his death she was regent for son, Rabbel II. The Nabataeans were an Arabian people, occupying Edom, southern Transjordan, and South Eastern Syria, with its capital at Petra.

Ca. 40-60 Queen Regnant Cartimandra of The Brigants (Brigantia) (United Kingdom)
Brigantia was a British tribe in Yorkshire. She signed a treaty with the Romans, placing herself under their protection. Her tribe was opposed to this treaty and there were several revolt. In 48, she asked for and received Roman help in fighting the rebellion. Cartimandua's consort, Venutius attempted to have her overthrown but he was unsuccessful after the Romans came to her aid. For a while Cartimandua ruled jointly with Venutius, but when he made another attempt to overthrow her, she took Vellocatus, a royal armor-bearer, as her consort. She sent Vellocatus to fight Venutius and, again, asked for Roman help. Ca.69, Cartimandua "retired" and in 71, Rome annexed Brigantia after they easily defeated Venutius, Vellocatus and the Brigantes in battle.

Ca. 50-60 Queen Regnant Garsemot Kandake of Ethiopia
Her relation to the other rulers is not known.

Around 50 Military Leader Hau Mu-Lan in China
In the Mid-first century she became one of the country's most famous warriors when, disguised as a man, she took her father's place in battle for 12 years. She was celebrated in plays and poems. Her commanding officer was so impressed with her military skills that he offered his daughter in marriage to what he thought to be his greatest male warrior. 

Around 52 Co-Ruler Princess Julia Berenice of Judea (Israel)
She was Daughter of Herod Agrippa I, who ruled Judea from 37-57, and shared the Chaleis throne and the business of the kingdom in Atonal and Taconites in Southern Syria with her brother Agrippa II, who succeed their father in 44. They lived together causing scandal among the Jews. She continued to live with him after his brief marriage to another eastern Princess. Emperor Titus of Rome, 13 years her junior became infatuated with her, and wanted to marry her, which scandalized the court and forced him to abandon her. 

54-56 Regent Augusta Iulia Agrippina of the Roman Empire
She was the younger of three daughters of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. She was 34 years old when she married emperor Claudius, who was nearing the end of his life. During the last five years of Claudius’ reign, she grew more and more powerful. Her son Nero succeeded her husband at the age of 17 and could not legally rule in his own name. Agrippina acted as his regent and was a powerful controlling influence on him even after he came of age. After about a year, Nero moved her out of the imperial palace. She began to denounce her son more and more in public. After the tension between mother and son grew to a critical level, Nero determined to be rid of her, and had her killed. She lived (16-59).

Around 60 Queen Regnant Phytodoris of Colchis (Georgia)  
Colchis was an ancient country on the eastern shore of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus region. Centered about the fertile valley of the Phasis River (the modern Rion), Colchis corresponds to the present-day region of Mingrelia in Georgia. She was a vassal of the Roman Empire. 

60-61 Queen Regnant Boudicca of the Iceni-Tribe in Norfolk (United Kingdom)
The Iceni was a people who lived in the present-day counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. She led a rebellion against the Roman authorities as a result of their mistreatment of her family and people after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, who may have been a Roman client-ruler, in 60 AD. She and other disaffected tribes, sacked the cities of Colchester, St. Albans and London and, it is estimated, massacred approximately 70.000 Roman soldiers and civilians in the course of the glorious, but ill-fated rebellion. The rebels were finally defeated in battle by a force led by the Roman governor of Britain, Suetonius Paulinus, after which she took her own life by ingesting poison together with her two daughters, Camorra and Tasca or, according to legend, Voada and Voadicia. She lived (15-61).

Around 60 Military Leader Queen Aife of Alba in Scotland (Uinted Kingdom)
In Celtic mythology she was a female warrior from Alba. She gave her lover, Cuchulainn, his spear, Gae Bulg. They had one son, Connla.

62-85 Queen Regnant Amanishipalata of Meroe (Nubia) (Sudan)
Marching at the head of her army, Amanirenas reached the strategic city of Qasr Ibrim, south of the Egyptian city of Aswan. There she confronted the Roman general Petronius, who told her that Emperor Augustus was willing to lay aside the arms if Amanirenas would negotiate a settlement with him to which she agreed. She sent her ambassadors to the Greek Island of Samos to meet with the representatives of Rome. 

Ca. 71-90 Queen Regnant Gamilat of Nabataea of the Nabataean Kingdom (Jordan)
She reigned jointly with king ar-Rabil II also known as Rabbel Soter. They were client monarch of Rome, (1st cent. BCE-1st cent. A.D). Women played a significant role in Nabatean society.

88-97 Regent Dowager Empress Tou Hsien of China  
Also known was Dou, she took over the regency for Liv Chao (Hedi) (79-88-106). She led the court audiences (linchao), and her brother Dou Xian took over the governmental affairs. An eunuch of Emperor Hedi called Zheng Zhong finally destroyed the power of the Dou clan and grasped the power himself. They belonged to the Later Hou and Eastern Han Dynasty, which was able to keep China united for about 200 years.

105-106 Regent The Dowager Empress of China
After the death of Emperor He, she announced that he had left two young sons who had been brought up outside the palace, but that the elder brother, Liu Sheng, was suffering from an incurable illness and was unfit to rule. She therefore placed the younger, Liu Long, upon the throne, and even when he died a few months later, aged just over a year old, she again passed over Liu Sheng in favour of Liu You, a nephew of Emperor He, later known as Emperor An (reigned 106-125). Inevitably, much of the information formed an intimate secret of the state, and all the decisions and announcements were made on the authority of the Dowager alone.

105-21 Regent Dowager Empress Deng of China
Her son, Aiu Long (Aidi) (105-06) was only 13 at his throne accession, and together with her brother Deng Zhi, she controlled him, who was nominal ruler during the Han-Dynasty period. Later she placed her grandson, Shang, on the throne when he was barely 100 days old, despite having two older brothers who were born from a consort. She also raised Liu Hu, the twelve-year old cousin of Shangdi and future Emperor Han Aidi, in the palace as the successor to the throne as insurance against the baby emperor's death. Liu Hu ascended to the throne when Shang passed away in 106; however, she still remained as the regent. A decree by her during this reign shed light on bureaucratic inefficiency. Also influential during the reign of her grandson. When she died her most prominent relatives chose suicide. She lived (80-121).

112-? Regent Dowager Queen Gespaepyris of Pontus (Turkey)
Gespaepyris was born as Princess of Thrace and ruled on behalf of her son Mithridates VI. in the kingdom in Asia Minor.

114 Queen Regnant Yasovati of Kashmir (India)
The contemporary sources says abut her; "The ruins of Martanda and other old temples are even now called 'Pandawa Houses' and Kalhana says it was at Lord Krishna's advice that Yasovati was made Queen regent of Kashmir after Krishna had defeated King Damodara, Yasovati's husband".   

120-25 Politically Influential Empress Yan of China
After Dowager Empress Deng's death, she dominated the court together with the eunuchs Li Run and Jiang Jing, and her brother Yan Xian.  

130-? Reigning Dowager Queen Laodike II Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Ariarathes V, she poisoned 5 stepsons and ruled in the name of her own son.

135-49 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadana of Iberia (Georgia)
The widow of King Pharasmenes II Kveli (ca. 116-32), she reigned for grandson Pharasmenes III (135-185) after the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam). She was daughter of King Sanatroukes of Armenia (b. ca. 100).

144-50 Regent Dowager Empress Liang Na of China
When her husband, Emperor Shun died, she assumed the regency for his only son, the infant Emperor,Chong, who died the following year. In these circumstances an empress-dowager of Han acquired even greater power, for she had undisputed authority to choose the next emperor from any of the male members of the imperial family. The precedent for this dated back to Former Han, but had been decisively confirmed by the Dowager Deng in 105 and 106. Three weeks she choosed the 8 year old Liu Zuan, a great-great grandson of Emperor Zhang, who also died after one year on the throne and Liu Zhi was placed upon the throne. For the next few years she held formal control of the government in association with her brother Liang Ji. The historians praised her for her devotion to duty in the difficult times which followed the second great rebellion of the Qiang people in the northwest and a series of frontier disturbances with the Xiongnu of the north. Inside China, reflecting these troubles, there were frequent small-scale rebellions, increased feuding amongst local gentry and a gradual alienation from the imperial regime. Apparently she appointed good officials, sent out troops to deal with disorder, and all the empire was settled by her efforts. Emperor Huan came of age in 148, but she maintained her regency, on the grounds of the disturbances in the empire. She formally relinquished her office in the first month of 150, and she died a few weeks later. (She lived 116-150).

Around 150 Joint Queen Regnant Ulfan of Elymias (Iraq)
She was joint ruler with Orodes IV of the Helleno-Iranian kingdom located in what is now southeastern Iraq and the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Its name is a Hellenization of "Elam", an ancient state in roughly the same region. Its capital was Susa, the center of the Achaemenid Persian kings.

168-72 Regent Princess Dou Shi of China 
Ruled in the name of her son Liu Hong (168-89). During the end of the Han Dynasty, the rulers became more and more dissolute. But more importantly, they were unable to deal with two factors: a population shift from the Yellow River in the north to the Yangzi in the south; and they simply could not control barbarian tribal raiders from the north, which were one reason why people were moving to the south. Eventually, in 220, the center had lost so much control to the provinces that it collapsed (a small rebellion in the north helped), plunging China into 350 years of chaos and disunity.

180-90 Queen Regnant Somâ of Fu-Nan (Cambodia and Vietnam)
Soma succeeded her father, and ruled over a kingdom which extending over much of present-day Cambodia and southern Vietnam from the 1st to the 6th centuries. It owed its prosperity to its position on the great trade route between India and China and subsequent Khmer dynasties viewed Funan as the state from which they were descended. The name is a transliteration of the ancient Khmer form of the word phnom (= hill).

Ca. 188-248 Queen Himiko of Yamataikoku (Japan)
卑弥呼 is also referred to as Pimiko, she was ruler of an ancient state-like formation thought to have been located either in the Yamato region or in northern Kyushu of present-day Japan. Few records are available and little is known about her, and the location of Yamataikoku is the subject of a great, often emotionally charged, debate that has been raging since the late Edo period. According to an ancient Chinese history book, Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms she was a shaman who controlled people through her paranormal abilities. The Nihonshoki, an old Japanese history book, notes that Himiko was actually Empress Jingū Kogo, the mother of Emperor Ōjin, but historians disagree. Some speculate that she is conflated with Amaterasu, the Japanese sun goddess. The Chinese chronicles book from 297 refers to the inhabitants of the Japanese islands simply as the Wa, literally, "The Little People", and dscribes a fragmented political structure of more than a hundred or more separate tribes, nominally ruled by a female shaman. According to an ancient Korean history book, Samguk Sagi, she sent an embassy to King Adalla of Silla in May 172. However, Chinese history books record Silla as having been established on 356, which casts doubt on this claim. Himiko never married and it is recorded that her younger brother assisted her as a political advisor. She is said to have had one thousand female servants and to have never appeared in public. There are indications that a tribal king, posthumously now known as Emperor Shujin, raised military host against her or her successor - reportedly another shamaness, her niece or other relative, ultimately conquering their position and establishing male rule with headquarters in central Japan. Himiko may have been a chinese corruption of himemiko, princess-priestess, or lady shaman. The name is said to mean "Sun Daughter" and there are also assessments that she is the real person upon whom the myth of sun goddess Amaterasu is built. Also Known as Yamatohime no Mikoto (d. 248)

189 Politically Influential Empress Dowager He Mou of Han China
She was the chief consort of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty China. Along with her half-brother He Jin, she was able to temporarily dominate power at the imperial court after the death of Emperor Ling in 189, during the reign of her son Liu Bian (b. 176), they presided over the imperial court. Throughout much of the year, she acted as balancing force between the enunuch faction, led by Jian Shuo and Zhang Rang, and the official faction, led by He Jin and Yuan Shao. The climax of the struggles came in September, when He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs at the imperial palace. In the chaotic fighting which followed, she lost all the members of her clan of political importance, including her brother He Miao and mother, the Lady of Wuyang. Her son was deposed in favour of his younger half-brother Liu Xie. Empress Dowager He was accused of the murder of Empress Dowager Dong and ordered to move to the Yongle Palace, outside the main palace complex. She was poisoned there by order of Dong Zhuo on 30 September 189. She was originally from a butcher's family from Wan county in central China. 

190-203 Politically Influential Lady Wu of Wu (China)
She was the chief consort of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty China. Along with A master swordsman, she was the advisor of her oldest son, Sun Ce, and helped in directing military and state affairs. When Sun Ce died in 200, she asked the ministers to support her second son, Sun Quan and since he was still young, she assisted in administering the army and state. He ruled 200-222 as Wu Wang (King of Wu) and 222-252 as Emperor of the Wu Dynasty, and when he was proclaimed emperor, he conferred the posthumous title of Empress Wulie on her and the title of of Emperor Wulie Huangdi on his father. Mother of 5 sons and 1 daughter. (d. 203).

193-217 Joint Ruler Iulia Domna of the Roman Empire
She was one of the most powerful people in the Roman Empire. While her emperor husband, Septimius Severus, was fighting rivals, pursuing rebels, and subduing revolts in the far corners of the empire, she was left to administer the vast Roman Empire. She played one powerful general or senator against another, while keeping herself from falling into the many traps set by political enemies at court. Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta in her private apartments even as the younger son sought protection in her arms. After Macrinus had murdered Caracalla and seized the throne in 217, he sent her away from Antiochia after it was reported that Julia was inciting troops to rebel against him. At this time, she was believed to be about fifty years old and was suffering from a painful illness, probably cancer of the breast. Rather than face exile and the humiliation of being reduced to the status of a private citizen, she decided to commit suicide by starving herself.

200-69 Regent Dowager Empress Jingo-Kogo of Japan
A semi-legendary regent, descending from the legendary Empress Jummu (Sanohiko), she was daughter of Prince Okinaga no Sukune and married to Chuai-Tenno, who ruled (192-200). He died on the way on an expedition to conquer Korea and though she was pregnant, she went on to Korea and brought the kings of Koryo, Pekche and Silla under her suzerainty. She returned to Japan and gave birth to Prince Homuda, the future Ojin-Tenno. She refused to ascend to the throne, but ruled as regent. According to the Korean historians the invasion took place in 346 and she died 380. She was succeeded by son, and lived (169-269).

Ca. 216 Queen Regnant Wakana of Ethiopia
Ruled for 2 days before she was deposed.

218-222 (†) Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Soaemias Bassiana of the Roman Empire
She plotted together with her mother, Julia Maesa, to substitute the ursurpor, Macrinus, by her son Varius Avitus Bassianus (Heliogabalus) (203-218-222). As the emperor's mother, with the title Iulia Soaemias Augusta, she played a great role in government and administration and was infact the de facto ruler of Rome, since her son was concerned mainly with religious matters. Their rule was not popular and soon discontent arose. Julia Soaemias and Heliogabalus were killed by the Praetorian Guard in 222, and she was declared public enemy and her name erased from all records. She lived (ca. 180-222).

218-222 Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Maesa of the Roman Empire
222-225/26 (†) Joint Regent of the Roman Empire
First she plotted together with her daughter, Julia Soaemias Bassiana to have her grandson Elagabaleus placed on the throne and later she was joint regent with her other daughter, Julia Masaea and her son, Alexander Servus. She was sister of Julia Domna and closely related to the Imperial family and grew up in Syria.

219-245 Queen Wu Mu of Hanzhong (China)
Also known as Lady Wu her husband the warlord Prince Liu Bei, named her as Queen of Hanzhong. It was period of many uprisings and various Emperors. When he became Emperor in 221, she was named Empress to serve the ancestral temple and be mother over the empire. His succesor, Liu Shan, named her as the Empress Dowager. She (d. 245).

222-228 (†) Regent Dowager Empress Iulia Mamaea of the Roman Empire
She was behind the plot that ousted her sister, Julia Soaemias Bassiana, and her son and had her infant son, son Alexander Servus, placed on the throne. She ruled together her mother, Julia Mamesa and 16 senatorsm but as they were unable to defend the empire from the attacking Germans, the Army killed both her and her son.

Ca. 222-248 Army Leader Trieu Au (Trieu Thi Trinh) Vietnam
Sometimes referred to as the "Vietnamese Joan of Arc", she was a rebel leader at the time when Vietnam was a territory of China. She led an army from the mountains which won more than 30 major battles against the Chinese. She then set up her own administration in the freed territory, which she kept independent for several months. She was defeated in 248 and committed suicide. Also known as Ba Trieu – Lady Trieu.

238-41 Regent N.N. of the Roman Empire
Her name is not known, but she was the daugter of Emperor Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Gordian I) and married to a senator, whose name is also not known. After Emperor Maximus I Thrax was murdered, her 13 year old son, Emperorr Gordianus III (225-38-44) was placed on the throne with her in charge of the regency.

Ca. 250-66 Queen Regnant Toyo of Japan
Succeeded her relative Himiko. In 266 she was mentioned in the Chinese annals for sending an envoy to China.

Around 256/74 Queen Regnant of Vakataka in Bhadramukhas (India)
The wife of Rudrasena II of Bhadramukhas (256-274), she ruled independently for 20 years.

266-283 Queen Regnant Maleqorobar of Meroe (Sudan)
Also known as Malegereabar.

268-71 Queen Regnant Zenobia of Palmyra (Syria)
Following the assassination of her husband, King Odenathus, in which she is believed to have been implicated, Zenobia succeeded to power as regent for their young son. Within three years, she extended her rule to all of Syria, to Egypt, and to most of Asia Minor, ostensibly in alliance with Rome. In 271, however, because of Zenobia's aggressiveness in the East, the Roman emperor Lucius Domitius Aurelian took up arms against her. After gaining control of nearly all of Zenobia's domain, Aurelian besieged the city of Palmyra. It fell, and Zenobia was captured and taken to Rome. Later she was given an estate at Tibur (now Tivoli, Italy), where she spent the rest of her life in pensioned retirement. 

275 Sole Regent Dowager Empress Ulipia Serverina of The Roman Empire (March-September)
Reigned alone after her husband, Aurelianus' death until Tacitus was named emperor.

Around 280 Mahrani Regnant Prabhavati Gupta of Magadha (India)
Her Poona plate mentions her as the daughter of Chandra Gupta II and Kubera Naga, who ruled independently and issued charters without the sanction of any extraneous higher atithority. Though not much evidence is available, from the available records it is understood that Sri Gupta could be the first King of the Gupta lineage who at the time ruled in the Bengal. She was married to Sri Gupta (240-280).

290-300 De facto Ruler Empress Jia Nanfeng of China
She made all the made all the important decisions for the state and effectively ruled the country from the acession of her mental deficient husband, Emperor Sima Zhong. She eliminated any who appeared to be a threat to her position, including a rival faction within the imperial family. In addition, her victims even included the Crown Prince of Jin. In 300, the King of Zhao led a coup against her, and she was killed along with several others in her faction, and Emperor Zhong was placed under house arrest. Not long after putting down this insurrection and regaining power, the local kings began to fight amongst each another.

300-308 Queen Regnant Patrapeameni of Meroe (Sudan)
Also known as Nahidemani. The Meroeans developed a unique form of art uniting styles from Black Africa and Mediterranean Egypt.

308-320 Queen Regnant Amanipilade of Meroe (Sudan)
The kingdom declined under attacks by little known invaders, desert nomads, called the Blemyes and Nobatae by around 200. Meroe was finally taken over by Axum. 

310-32? Regent The Dowager Queen of Persia (Iran)
Her husband Hormozd II died before the birth of their son Shahpur II the Great (310-79), who was elected king before his birth, or possibly as an infant after her brother-in-law Adarnarseh had been on the throne for a short while. During her son's minority reign Persia had a weak government of regents and suffered raids from its neighbors, particularly the Arabs who invaded southern Persia. Rome, however, which had gained some of the western Persian cities in Mesopotamia during the reign of Narse, Shahpur's grandfather, left Persia in peace.

Around 317 Queen Regnant Une' B'alam of Tikal (Guatemala)
The state was an important Classic-Age Mayan city-state located in northwestern Guatemala. Her name means Baby Jaguar, and she was succeeded by king K'inich Muwaan Jol.

Ca. 325-ca.34 Queen Regnant Zaela Ahyawa of Ethiopia
Also known as Ahyawa Sefya or Eguala Anbasa, she succeeded her husband and converted to christianity 327.

325-28 Regent Dowager Empress Yu Wenjun of Eastern Jin (China)

Joint regent with two others for Sima Yan (321-25-42) of the Eastern Dong (Jin), in a period which saw a severe fragmentation of central authority, as northern barbarians succeeded in laying waste to much of China, and establishing their own states in turn.

343-380 Jingû-Kōgō Tennō of Japan
The widow of Chuai Tenno. In 366 she led a Japanese invasion of Korea. Empress Jingo was pregnant when she invaded Korea and therefore had to have adjustable armour made. She possily reigned 201-269.

343-357, 364-365 and 373-76 Regent Dowager Empress Chu Suanzi of the Eastern Jin Kingdom (China)
When her husband, Sima Yue, died after 1 year as Emperor Kang, her 1 year old son Mu succeeded with her as regent. During the next years many of Later Zhao's southern provinces switched their allegiance to Jin, but not firmly so and a number of military campains followed. In 357, as Emperor Mu turned 14 and she officially stripped herself of her role as regent, and moved to Chongde Palace, which would be her residence for the rest of her life. But 4 years later, her son died without heirs, and she named cousin Prince Sima Pi of Langye as Emperor Ai. In 364 he was poisoned by pills given by magicians he was taking trying to seek immortality and could not handle matters of state. She again served as regent. After he died sonless in 365, she ordered that his younger brother Sima Yi succeed him (as Emperor Fei). After some years he was deposed and replaced by Emperor Jianwen, who died in 372, and when he was succeeded by his son Emperor Xiaowu, she was persuaded to become regent again until he turned 14 in In 376. For the rest of her life, she was again referred to as Empress Dowager Chongde. She lived (324-384).

349 Regent Empress Dowager Liu of the Kingdom of Later Zhao (China)
After her father, the last Han Zhao emperor, Liu Yao, was captured by Later Zhao's founding emperor Shi Le in 329, she fled together with her brothers Crown Prince Liu Xi and Prince Liu Yin of Nanyang from the capital Chang'an to Shanggui. Soon after her brothers were defeated and killed and she was captured by Zhang Chai. In 348 Emperor Shi Hu picked their son as his Heir and she was named Empress. When the Emperor grew ill the following year, he appointed his two sons as joint regents for her son, Shi Shi, but when he died she took over as regent for her son, holding power jointly with her husband. She tried to placate the sons of the later Emperor giving them high posts, but instead they marched on the capital. She then tried to placate them by offering them the office of regent and the nine bestowments, but instead he executed her husband, and then forged her to sign an edict deposing her son. She was given the title of Princess Dowager of Qiao, but soon both she and her son were executed. She lived (318-349).

Ca. 370-80 Queen Regnant Mavia of the Saracens (Egypt)
Succeeded her husband as head of the Bedouin tribe, which lived in the area around the Sinai Peninsular. She organized raids against Rome's eastern frontier into Phoenicia and Palestine. Her troops defeated a Roman army and she made peace only on the condition that a hermit named Moses was appointed Bishop of her tribe. She married her daughter to a Roman commander in chief. She is probably the same person described as Mawi, Queen of Syria and possibly she was from Ghassar, an Arab Kingdom in in the Sinai Peninsular. 

Around 371 Arabian Leader Mauriya of the Nabatan (Arabia)
The Nabatan was an old people in Arabia, and is believed to have evented the basis for the Arab script.

375-83 Joint Ruler Dowager Empress Iustiana of the Roman Empire
383-? Regent
Joint ruler with son Gratianus and regent for Valentianus II (383-92), who ruled the Western division of the Empire, encompassing Rome itself together with Italy, Gaul, Britain, Iberia, and northwestern Africa, though the state was already disintegrating faced with the babaric invasions.

378 Queen Regnant Zarmandukht of Greater Armenia
Her name is also spelled Zarmandux, she was widow of King Pap, who was known to have been gay and was killed on the orders of the Byzantine general Terent. In the first instance his cousin, Varazdat was king until 378. She took power, but from 378 until his death in 385, Manuel Mamikonean, was the real ruler of Armenia. He ruled as a "trustee" of the monarchy in the name of her son, and kept both of them in the king's place and causing them to circulate around in honor. He nourished her two sons Arshak and Vagharsha as his foster-children and honoured her.

378 De-facto Regent Dowager Empress Domnica of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She held the City of Byzanz after the death of her husband, Valens and defended the city against the attacks of the Goths, before the arrival of the successor, Theodosios.

390 Queen Regnant Prabhavati Gupta of the Deccan Region (India)
As ruler of the Deccan region, she introduced the Gupta culture of northern India to the Vakata Kingdom. (Probably the same as in 280).

Ca. 390-410 Regent Dowager Queen Sita Mahadevi of Vakatakas (India)
After the death of her husband, Rudrasena II who died five years after coming to the throne, she took over the reins for their under-age sons, and had coins struck in her name. She was daughter of Chandra Gupta II. In the early part of the Christian Era when Bharasivas were suzerains, we have the seal of Mahadevi Rudramati, the last royal document of the Vakatakas before the state virtually became a part of the Gupta empire.

449/50 Augusta Justa Grata Honoria of the Roman Empire (in the West)
The sister of Valentin III, she acted in her capacity as Augusta.

400-04 De-facto Ruler Empress Eudoxia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was a significant figure in the government because she had the ear of her husband Emperor Arcadius of the East Roman Empire until her own death in 404. She was strong and strident, dominating her weak and passive husband.

414-55 De-facto Ruler Augusta Pulchera of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
At the age of 15 Princess Aelia Pulcheria was crowned Augusta and assumed a dominant role in guiding the affairs of state. In 420/22 she may have organized the Byzantine campaign against Persia, she replaced the emperor as director of power, but the ultimate power resided with her brother. In the mid-420s she engaged in a power struggle with her sister-in-law, Eudokia, and Pulchera was forced into semi-retirement. She established herself as a holy virgin dedicated to God, and this gave her access into the altar to receive the communion with priests and deacons, something normally barred to women. When her brother died in 450 she took control of the government of the Eastern Empire, and married Marcian, Army Chief of Staff, and named him co-Emperor. She spoke Greek and Latin and had a deep interest in medicine and natural science lived (399-453).

421-442/443 Politically influential Empress Athenais-Eudokia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
In 423 her husband,  emperor Theodosius II gave her title of Augusta. She fought for power and influence over emperor with her sister Pulcheria, was very well educated and was involved in the founding of an university in Constantinople. 442/443-460 she was in exile in Jerusalem. The daughter of the philosopher Leonciushe, she died in 460.

423-50 Regent Dowager Empress Galla Placidia of the Roman Empire (Covering Italy, Spain, France and Northern Africa)
She was in Rome at the time of its sack by Alaric and the Visigoths, and after Alaric’s death in 414, she married his brother and successor as king of the Visigoths, Athaulf. After his death, Placidia returned home in 416 to marry Constantius, who was made co-augustus in the West in 421 and became the Roman emperor Constantius III. He died of pleurisy after a reign of only seven months. In 423 her brother Emperor Honorius died and Galla Placidia was made Augusta and regent for her six year old son Valentinian III. Placidia proved to be a hard-nosed ruler who knew how to manage a declining economy and rebellious subjects. Even after her son's death, she managed the Roman government in the West for twenty years during one of the most perilous periods of its existence. She lived (388-450).

465-71 and 476-90 Regent Dowager Queen Feng Shi of Touba Wei (China)
Also known as Wenming, she dominated politics in Northern Wei for twenty five years as regent during the reigns of two emperors: Xianwen (Toba Hong) (465-76) whom she had poisoned in 476, then her grandson, Xiaowen (476-99). Xiaowen is known for his sinicization zeal, as flamboyantly demonstrated by moving the capital from Datong to Luoyang, forbidding Xianbei clothes and language, legislating Han names, and encouraging intermarriage and Chinese law. The Xianbei aristocracy was against full-scale sinicization and even though the opposition was contained by Xiaowen, the dissent later split the Northern Wei into Eastern and Western Wei. She was Han - a member of the Northern Yan imperial family who entered the Northern Wei court as a concubine after Wei conquered Northern Yan. In the south, a series of ethnically Chinese dynasties managed to endure on the lower Yangtze. She lived (441-90).

474-84 Politically Influential Empress Veria of The Roman Empire and Byzantine (Italy etc, Greece and Turkey)
Her husband, Leo I was succeeded by their grandson Leo II (seven years old), who appointed his father Zeno as Co-Emperor with her support, but after Leo's death in November 474 she fought for power with Zeno. In January 475 he was overthrown by her and her allies. She wanted to make her brother Bazyliskos, and Patrikios, Emperors. She planned to marry Patrikios. She personally crowned her brother, but he killed Patrikios, and she again entered into an alliance with Zeno, who regained the throne in 476. Afterwards Veria became one of the most influential and powerful persons on the court and later fought for power with Illus. In 477-78 she organized two unsuccessfully coup d'etats against Illus, who took her hostage. In 481 her daughter, Empress Ariane, organized an unsuccessful coup d'etat against Illus to free her, the same year the emperor forced Illus to leave for Constantinople, where he announced a patrician Leoncius as the real emperor. Veria joined to him, and at 19th July 484 she personally crowned Leoncius. She published a document for the administrators of provinces and for the citizens of Antiochia, where she wrote, that the imperial power belonged to her. She had, after her husband's death, chosen Zeno as Emperor, but she had not know, that Zeno was so greedy, and therefore she now wanted to a pious and just Christian as Emperor, who would repair the state and bring peace. This is seen as an example of the fact that public and political personal power could pass down trough the female line in the The Byzantine Empire. The Augusta could legitimize the rule of their husband's or others. But all power was vested in the Emperor, and everybody else - including officials at court - depended on his will. One of her three daughters, Ariane was married to Emperor Zeno. She died in 484.

Ca. 490 Queen Regnant Lobamba of Kuba (Congo-Brazzaville)
Daughter of Loko Yima and succeeded by Woto. The state developed east of the confluence of the Sankuru and Kasai rivers, before the Kubans migrated to its present habitat in the Kuba area. 

491 Regent Dowager Empress Ariane of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Also known as Aelia Ariadane, she was the daughter of Leo I (447-74). She was married to Tarasicodissa who became Emperor Zeno, and after his death in 491 the Senate officially requested her to choose another candidate to rule and she married Anastasios I, who became emperor. 

Early 500s-520s Khanum Regnant Bogharik of Sabir (Russia)
She was head of the Hunnic normanic tribe that briefly established a powerful state north of the Caucasus. They may have been attested to as early as 124 BCE, in which case they are ultimately Sarmatian or Scythian in origin. They were allied with Sassanid Persia until c.550, when they were enticed to join a Byzantine-led coalition.

511-527 Lady Ix Yo K'in of Tikal (Guatemala)
Also known as Lady Kalomte', she succeeded her father Chak Tok Ich'aak II at age six. While she was considered the queen and nineteenth successor, she ruled the important Classic-Age Mayan city-state located in northwestern Guatemala with a coregent, Kalomte' B'alam a prominent warrior. Her name means Baby Jaguar, and she was succeeded by king K'inich Muwaan Jol.

515-20 and 525-28  Regent Dowager Queen Ling Tai Hu of Touba Wei (Northern China)
A member of the Ziongnu Dynasty in Northern China, she executed lovers, forced a rival into a convent and had her executed. I in 528 she executed her son, Yuan Xu (Emperor Xiao Mingdi (515-28), who ruled in a period with 9 pretenders and is described as a forceful leader with an exceptional energy. As regent, she carried on imperial sacrifices in place of her son, issued edicts, competed in archery contests with her officials, traveled around the country side to receive petitions, personally interviewed new candidates for office, and took frequent pleasure trips to sacred and scenic spots. She was removed from office but later reinstated. She was the last member or the Tabatch dynasty to display the ancient strength, but her extravagant spendings in favour of Buddhism resulted in a revolt, she sought refuge in a Buddhist nunnery, but she and her son were thrown into the Yellow River and around 1.000 courtiers were murdered. In the following chaos the Northern Wei-Empire (Bei Wei) were divided among various warlords.

518-65 Co-Ruler Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Before becoming Empress, she was an actress. During this time in history the theatre was looked down upon and in fact banned by the church. She later became a devote Christian and married Emperor Justinian, who viewed her as an equal and accepted her many ideas. She was influential in changing the administrative and legislative sectors. She was an advocate of women’s rights. The Empress, along with her husband changed laws on guardianship to include women, and created a law that allowed women to own property. The two also rebuilt cities that were ruined during earthquakes, and built the church Hagia Sophia. In 532, mobs attempted to overthrow Justinian, causing the Emperor the desire to flee his city. But it was his wife who convinced him to stay.

520 Snake Lady Naah Ek' of Palenque (Mexico)
According to the historic texts, she was the first Snake Lady to arrive to the kingdom. Her name meant "House Star", and is specifically said to have been u nahtal ix kan ajaw, "the first Snake Queen" a position with geat significance and political power. She is also said to have been the wife of Tuun K'ab' Hiix (ruled ca. 520-ca. 550), one of the great early rulers of the Snake Kingdom, who on La Corona Stela 1 is associated with rites in 544 that may be part of the founding of the site.

528... Queen Regnant Boa of the Sabira Tribe (Caucasus)
A political ally of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora of the Byzantine Empire.

526-34 Regent Princess Amalasuentha of the Ostrotoths (Italy)
534-35 Joint Reigning Queen 
She was the daughter of King Theodoric and Audofleda, a sister of King Clovis. Exceptionally well educated, she studied both Greek and Latin and took a keen interest in art and literature. Married to Eutharic at the age of 17, she found herself Queen in 522, following the deaths of both her father and her husband. She served as regent for her 10-year-old son, Athalric. Like her father, she maintained a pro-Byzantine policy, which was not popular with the Ostrogothic nobles. She suppressed a rebellion and executed three of its leaders. She also purged her lands of dishonest office holders and limited the power of grasping landowners. After her son died, in 534, she shared the throne with her cousin, Theodahad who later led a palace revolution and caused her to be exiled to an island, where she was strangled in her bath as an act of vengeance by relatives of the nobles she had executed. 

529 Army Leader Princess Halima of the Ghassan Kingdom (Arabia)
Leader of a battle against the Labmidians who had sacrificed her brother to their goddess. Daughter of King al-Harit (529-69).

554... Regent Queen Hind al-Hirah of Lakhm (Syria)
She was a Christian Princess of either Ghassan or Kindah origin who married Mundhir al Mundhir III, whose mother was Mariyah or Mawiya. He raided Byzantine Syria and challenged the kingdom of Ghassan. After his death, she was regent for their son, Amr ibn-Hind, and she ruled as an independent and resourceful Queen. 

556-78 Political Influential Lady Lu Lingxuan of Northern Qi (China)
She was the nurse of Emperor Gao Wei (556-78), the fifth and last ruler of Northern Qi. He was only 12 when his father died and his political survival in the years between his father’s death and the fall of the dynasty was in many ways due to her assistance and support. She was promoted to the post of Female Attendant of the Palace which gave her – a grade equivalent to that of a second class official in the outer bureaucracy. Her relatives were all given official positions. The emperor's confidence in her was almost absolute and she was careful not to damage the relationship by antagonizing the Empress Dowager who was afraid of her son. For a short while she was also promoted to the post of Empress of the Left but later stripped of the title. She died by her own hand when she heard that her son had defected to Northern Chou on the eve of Northern Qi’s defeat. Emperor Gao Wei (Houzhu) and Empress Mu were both executed by the Chou in 578; the Empress Dowager was captured and survived into the Sui era. She (d.578)

565-572 and 574-578 Co-ruler Empress Sophia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
572-574 Sole Regent
The niece of Empress Theodora and married to emperor Iustinus II (565-578), and sole regent during her husband's mental illness. She nominated his two successors without marrying either, and continued exercise a high degree of influence on the government and is believed to have played a major role in various financial measures and took an active part in foreign politics, mainly in her dealings with Persia.

575-84 Regent Dowager Queen Brunhilde of Austrasia and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Brunhildis, the Visigothic Princess exerted great influence over political life in the Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. She married King Sigebert of Austrasia in 567, while her sister Galswintha, married his brother Chilperic, king of Neustria. Rivalry between the brothers developed into open war when Chilperic had Galswintha murdered. When Sigebert was assassinated on the orders of Fredegunde - Chilperic's second wife - in 575, Chilperic claimed his lands. Brunhilde resisted this claim in the name of her son Childebert II. However, her nobles deserted her and she fled to Burgundy. Childebert remained in Austrasia and in 592 inherited Burgundy. When Childebert died in 595, Brunhilde attempted to assert her control as regent over Burgundy and Austrasia, which her grandsons Theodoric II and Theodebert II had inherited. In 612 Theodoric murdered his brother at her instigation. Theodoric himself died in 613. When Brunhilde tried to make her great-grandson Sigebert II king, the nobles rebelled and acknowledged Clotaire as king. In the autumn of 613, near Dijon, France, Clotaire had both Sigebert and Brunhilde executed.

Ca. 575 Queen Regnant Gokadi of Kuba (Congo-Brazzaville)
Another version of her name is Ngokay. She was ruler in the legendary period where the Kuba people moved to it's present location, and was succeeded by king Bonga Mashu Mashi. 

583-605 Ruler Lady Yohl Ik'nal of B'aakal (Palenque) (Mexico)
She succeeded Kan B'alam I, who was probably her father, and remained in power for over 20 years, as one of the few women in the Classical Mayan period to carry full royal titles and enjoy a full term. She was succeeded by son, Aj Ne' ohl, as head of the Mayan Empire at Palenque in the Yucatan. Alternative versions of her name are Lady Kanal Ikal, Ix Yohl Ik'nal, Lady Olnal, Kan-Ik, Lady Ik, or K'anal-Ik'al.

584-94 Regent Dowager Queen Fredegundis of France
Fredgunde or Fredegunda was a slave-girl at the court of Neustria when she came to the attention of Chilperic I, Merovingian King of Soissons (Neustria). She became his mistress and then eventually third wife. She persuaded Chilperic to repudiate his first wife Audovera and was said to be the driving force behind the murder in 568 of Chilperic's second wife Galswintha. Fredegunda also engineered the murders of Audovera's three sons and Sigibert of Austrasia, Chilperic's brother. Finally her husband was murdered or assassinated, shortly after the birth of their son Lothair in 584. Fredegunda seized her late husband's wealth and fled to Paris with her remaining son Lothair (Clotaire II), and persuaded the Neustrian nobles to recognize her son as the legitimate heir to the throne and she took over the regency and continued her longtime power struggle with Guntrum of Burgundy (d.593) and Brunhilda, Queen-Mother of Austrasia (d.614), whom she defeated around 597. Fredegunda (d. 598).

590 Reigning Dowager Queen Theodolina of the Lombards (Italy)
615-25 Regent of the Kingdom
Co-ruler with husbands, king Autharis (584-90) and Agilulf (591-615) and regent for son King Adololdo of the Lombards or Langobards, who was deposed by her son-in-law. She was instrumental in restoring Athanasian Christianity - the ancestor of modern Roman Catholicism - to a position of primacy in Italy against it's rival, Arian Christianity. With a stable base in Italy thereafter, the Papacy could begin subduing those it regarded as heretics elsewhere.

592-628 Suiko Tennō of Japan
推古天皇 was the 33rd imperial ruler in succession to a brother, and even though ancient Chinese history records earlier reigning women, and in spite of the regency of Jingo-kogo (200-69), she was the first reigning Empress listed in Japanese history. She was a daughter of the Emperor Kinmei and after the death of her half-brother and husband, Emperor Bidatsu, she had some influence in politics. But after she acended the throne she took little active part in affairs of state, which were handled by her nephew and son-in-law Prince Shotoku. During her reign, the total supremacy of the monarch was established, and she was one of the first Buddhist monarchs in Japan and had taken the vows of a nun shortly before becoming empress. She send many embassies to China. The mother of 5 children, she was suceeded by Jomei, the grandson of her husband and brother of Emperor Bidatsu. Her posthumous name is Toyomike-Kashikiya-hime no Mikoto, and she lived (544-628).

Ca. 600 Army Leader Kahula in Arabia
An army commander in the battle of Yermonks, she joined her forces with those of another female commander, Wafeira. Together they turned back the Greek army. 

606-47 Politically Influential Queen Rajyasri of Kanyakubja (India)
She regularly took a seat of honour beside her brother king Harsa, and shared in state deliberations.

612-15 Ruler Zac-Kuk of B'aakal or Palenque ( Mayan Empire at Palenque in the Yucatan - Mexico)
The Princess was the great-granddaughter of Kanal-Ikal and succeeded father, Aj Ne' ohe. Zak means white and Kuk means quetzal. ak Kuk was a powerful woman. She manipulated facts to secure her son, Pakal's divine right to rule, thus restoring her family's reign following a devastating defeat from a neighboring city. She resigned in his favour, and died in 640.

618-34 Politically Influential Queen Mother Lady Batz' Ek' of Caracol (Mexico)
At the age of 18, she arrived in the centre of Oxwitza in 584, and married king Knot Ajaw of the Mayan kingdom of Caracol, who had already been in power for 31 years. Her prominence in the sources suggests that she took a very prominent and politically influential role during the reign of her son K'an II (618-58) until her own death. 

Ca. 618-23 Military Leader Princess Pin-yang of China
She helped her father, the first Tang emperor, Li Yuan (618-26), overthrow the Sui by organizing the "Woman's Army". Her husband, Cai Shao was the leader of the palace guards protecting the Sui crown prince. She also made allies of other rebel forces in the region who began to join her when they heard of her father’s successes, and the rural people saw her forces as liberators rather than conquerors, offering them food and drink upon arrival. After her victories, her army would distribute food and win over the people in the captured territories. When her army grow to 70.000 troops, the Sui took her seriously and launched an attack but were defeated. When her father became emperor, she was made a marshal allowing her to have her own military aides and staff just like a prince would be entitled to. (ca.600-623).

624 Opposition Leader Hind al-Hunnud in the Arab World
A member of the Quaish Tribe in the Kingdom of Kindah, she was one of the leaders of the opposition to Muhammed. She led a battle against him in 624, where her father and brother were killed and she then led a battle of vengeance against Muhammed. In the end she submitted to him and became a Muslim convert.

626-72 Co-Ruler Ahpo-Hel of Palenque (Mexico)
She was the primary wife of Hanab Pakal (603-15-83). Some archaeologists think that he made his her a co-ruler. This would be very unusual. They had no children for the first nine years of heir marriage, but in the end they had at least two sons. 

626-36 Politically Influential Empress Zhangsun of China
Married to Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) of the Northern Wei Dynasty. She was of Xianbei (an ancient ethnic) group in China origin and grew up on the central plains and received a very good education there, having a particularly good command of literature and history. At the time of Li Shimin's rivalry for the throne with his royal brothers, Zhangsun repeatedly cleared Li Shimin before Emperor Gaozu of the misdeeds with which he had been falsely framed. During the Xuanwumen Mutiny in which Emperor Gaozu's sons fought for the throne, she made a personal appearance in order to raise the army's morale, thus ultimately helping Li Shimin get rid of his political enemies. She continued to assist in the handling of state affairs after her husband became emperor, and lived (600-36).

630-31 Queen Regnant Purandokht of Persia (Iran)
Daughter of Shahansha Khusran II (590-628), who was succeeded by two sons and an usurper. She then became the first of two consecutive female monarchs to rule over the Sasanian Empire, she signed a peace treaty with the Byzantines. Succeeded by sister Azarmidokht.

631-32 Queen Regnant Azarmedukht of Persia
Succeeded her sister, Purandokht, and her reign was marred by pretenders and rival kings. She died within less than a year, and was succeeded by nephew Yazdgard III.

631-56 Politically Influential 'A'ishah Bint Abi Bakr in the Arab World
She was a powerful force in the political turmoil that followed the death of her husband, the Prophet Muhammed. She became an authority on Muslim tradition, and very important for her role in the civil war. She was defeated and captured in a battle in 656 and only released on promising to abandon political life. Her religious teachings became important for the Shiite branch of the Muslim faith. She lived (613-78).

632-47 Queen Regnant Sondok Yo Ju of Silla (Korea)
Also known as Sondok Yowang, she succeeded father and she was generally known as a strong Queen who continued Silla's conflict with the two other Korean kingdoms of Koguryo and Paekche. She formed an alliance with China and chose general Kim Yusin to direct the military. She also encouraged students to go to China to study Buddhism and administration. Today, she is perhaps best known for the cultural impact of her reign, she finished the Buddhist temples at Punhwangsa and Yongmyosa, and the nine tiered pagoda of Hwanguyongsa was built in her reign. One of the other lasting monuments from this era is the oldest observatory in Asia. Her tomb is part of the major grave sites in Silla.

639-42 Regent Dowager Queen Nanthildis of Neustrasia and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Nanthilde, Nanthechilde or Nantechildis, she was a former servant and married the Merovingian king Dagobert I (604-29-35) after he had divorced his childless consort, Gomatrud. After Dagobert's death her son, Chlodwig II was appointed king of Neutrasia and Burgundy and his older half-brother, Sigibert III king of Austrasia. She recieved 1/3 of the royal treasure. She acted as regent together with the Major Domus Aega. As he attacked the Burgundfarons she protected them and 642 she reformed the office of Major Domus of Burgundy and appointed the Frankish Flaochad to the office. She lived (ca. 610-642).

639-40 Rani Regnant of Sindh and Baluchistan (Pakistan)
She succeeded her husband Shasri Rai II. The name Baluchistan came into existence with the arrival from Iran of the tribes called Baluch.  

641 Regent Dowager Empress Martina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Herakleios, she was first co-ruler with stepson, Constantinos III , whom she was accused of poisoning. She took power but was deposed together with son Heraklonas, who was still a minor. They were both mutilated and sent into exile.  

642-49 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Gregorina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was the widow of Herakleios-Constantinos and her son, Constans, was chosen as Emperor after Martina and Heraklonas, and though the sources does not mention the members of the Regency Council it can be assumed that she was one of the members. She was a niece of Emperor Herakleios II.

642-45 Kōgyoku Tennō of Japan (First reign)
655-61 Saimei Tennō (Second reign)
(皇極天皇) or (斉明天皇) was granddaughter of Prince Shōtoku, who was regent in 593-621, she first married Yomei-Tennō (586-87) and then her uncle Jōmei-Tennō (629-41), whom she succeeded. She was influenced by two ministers, who were killed on the instigation of her brother, Kotoku, and she abdicated the next morning in his favour. After his death 10 years later she re-ascended to the throne, and this time she did not allow herself to be influenced by the ministers. She subdued the Ebisu of Ezo, and in 661 she led a naval expedition to Paekche. She died on the way to rescue the Korean kingdoms of Koma and Kudara from Chinese attack. Born as Princess Takara her posthumous name is Ame Tokyo Takara Mige Fi Tarsi Hime, she had three children, and Lived (593-661).

647-54 Queen Regnant Chindok Yo Ju of Silla (Korea)
Also known as Chindok Yowang, she succeeded her cousin Queen Sondok, and continued her alliance with the Chinese and emphasized the dress, organization, and literary cultures from the T'ang Dynasty. She started the use of a Chinese calendar and put down rebellions against her pro Chinese policy. While some criticized her closeness to the T'ang government, later historians have seen her reign as giving Silla a "breathing space" to grow strong against her enemies.

650/750 Queen Regnant of Waka (Guatemala)
In 2004 scientists have recovered her grave which shows all the trappings of a Maya ruler, but does not reveal her name. The artifacts indicates that she lived between 650 and 750.

Until 653 Queen Regnant of the Champa Kingdom (Vietnam)
Her name have been lost, but her predecessor ruled from 645.The ancient kingdom of Champa was situated in the central coast of Viet Nam at one time stretched from the Ngang Pass (present Quang Binh province) to the upper basin of Dong Nai river. The Cham people is believed to be of the same Javanese stock as many of the creators of the Dong Son culture further to the north. As they were intrepid seafarers, and as their land was well placed not far from the sea route from India to China, the Chams were exposed very early to Indian culture and its Brahman religion. Today they are one of the 55 ethnic minorities, they are Muslims and live in the Mekong Delta.

After 655 Governor Princess Vijaya Bhattarika of a Province in Chauleskyas (Chalukya) (India)
She was appointed Governor by King Vikramaditya I of Chalukya (655-681).
                 
657-64/65 Regent Dowager Queen Bathildis of Neustrie, Bourgogne and Austrasie (France)

Also known as Bathilde or Baldechildis, she was born in England, and taken to Gaul as a slave and about 641, she was bought by Erchinoald, mayor of the palace of Neustria. She married Clovis II in 648. The future Lothair III was born in 649, and she had two more sons, Theoderic and Childeric, who also eventually became rulers. Balthildis' influence during her husband's reign was considerable, since she controlled the court and the allocation of charity money, and had strong connections with Church leaders. After Clovis' death in 657 she took over the regency for her son Lothair III and embarked on a policy of unifying the Frankish territory by controlling Austrasia through imposing her son Childeric as Prince and absorbing Burgundy. She lost her political power when Lothair came of age and was forced to retire to the convent of Chelles, which she had founded and endowed with much of her personal wealth in 664. She died in 680 in Chelles, and was later declared a saint.


From 660 Queen Regnant Nang Chamthewi  of Hariphunchai (Thailand)
Also known as Chamadevi, she was daughter of king Pya Chakt of Lawo, she was the first ruler of the state which was one of the important ancient towns of the Khmers.

660-705 Regent Empress Consort Wu Zetian of China
690-705 Emperor of the Empire
She was the favourite concubine of Emperor Kao Tsung, giving birth to his sons. Within five years of their marriage, her husband suffered a crippling stroke, and she took over the administrative duties of the court. She created a secret police force, and cruelly jailed or killed anyone who stood in her way - including the co-wife of her husband, Empress Wang. After her husband's death, she managed to outflank her eldest sons in favour of the youngest, who abdicated in 690 after which she was declared emperor of China. She was an able administrator: Reduced the army's size and stopped the influence of aristocratic military men on government by replacing them with scholars. Everyone had to compete for government positions by taking exams, thus setting the practice of government run by scholars. She also was fair to peasants, lowering oppressive taxes, raising agricultural production, and strengthening public works. In 705, she was pressured to give up the throne in favour of her third son. Wu Zetian died peacefully the same year, after having lived (625-705).

662 Regent Dowager Queen Himnechilde of Austrasia (France)
After the death of her husband, Sigebert III, she was joint regent for her son,  Childéric II together with the Major Domus (Major of the Palace) Wulfoald.

664-66 Regent Dowager Queen Sexburga of Kent (United Kingdom)
The eldest daughter of King Anna of East Anglia and his second wife, Saewara. She married King Erconbert of Kent, and after he died of the "yellow plague", she reigned on behalf off her son, Egbert I. After he came of age, she became abbess of Minister-in-Sheppey and later of Ely, where her sister, St. Etheldreda of Ely had been Abbess. Another sister and both of her daughters;  Ermengilda and Ercongota were Saint and the sam was the case of her grandchildren; St. Werburga of Chester, St. Wulfade and  St. Rufinus. She lived (Ca. 636-around 700).

664 Presiding Abbess of the Synod of Whitby Hilda of Whitby and Hartlepool in the United Kingdom
In 657 she had founded a double monastery of both monks and nuns at Whitby. She was a patroness of the arts and was a notable teacher, whose advice was sought by Kings and Abbots alike. At the Synod of Whitby it was decided that the Northombian Church it should follow the teachings of the Roman Church rather than those of Celtic Irish Iona. Hilda herself was, of course, sympathetic to the latter party, but she accepted the council's ruling. After her death, after a long and painful illness lasting some six years, miracles were soon reported at her tomb. She was venerated as a saint and her bones suitably enshrined.  St. Hilda was the daughter of Prince Hereric of Deira, and lived (614-680).

Ca. 669-74 Regent Empress Aelia Sofia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Handled the affairs of state for her insane husband Justinos II (58-95 and 705-11), who was killed.

672-74 Queen Regnant Seaxburh of Wessex (United Kingdom)
She succeeded her husband, Cenwealh, who was king (642-72), and was followed by Centwine, son of former king Cynegils.

674-710 Sovereign Princess Qabaq Hatun of Bahura (Bokhara) (Uzbekistan)
Also known as Qabagh Khatun , she ruled the khanate centered around Bokhara, an ancient city about 200 miles west of Samarkand. The Khanate has led a checkered history, oftimes under vassalage to more powerful neighbors, but an important center of Islamic civilization at times. The principality was under the Gök Turks from the 680's and was under the suzerainty of the Caliphate 710-867.

677 Snake Lady of Palenque (Mexico)
She arrived on the very day of one of the greatest victories for the Kan Kingdom, when Calakmul's major rival for domination of the Maya lowlands, Tikal, was defeated in battle. This Snake Princess is said to have been the wife of the local ruler, K'inich Yook (ruled 667-ca. 682), who in turn is said to have been the yajaw, or "vassal of," Yukno'm Ch'e'n II (636-686), the greatest king of Calakmul. The position of Snake Lady was both significant and politically influential.

Ca. 680-713 Queen Regnant Jaya Devi of Chenla (Cambodia)
Succeeded king Jayavarman II in a period during which the kingdom was in a state of anarchy. In an inscription at Angkor Wat, Queen Jayadevi laments the bad times. The state is normally known by it's Chinese name, Chenla - in Khmer it was called Kambuja - was a more direct ancestor of the Khmer Empire. Its history first appear in the Chinese Chronicles as a Funan's vassal state who gained its independence from Funan around the year 550 A.D. Later on Chenla was divided into northern and southern states, of which the Chinese Chronicles refers to as "Chenla of the Land" and "Chenla of the Sea", respectively. The center of the northern Chenla was at the Champassak province of today southern Laos, whereas that of the Southern Chenla occupied the former Funan's territory along the Mekong Delta and the coast. In 715, both Chenla states were further broken up into several smaller states.

681 Khanum Regnant Pisutu of Uighuristan (Central Asia)
The Uighur Khans governed portions of Central Asia in the centuries immediately following the Muslim expansion, and then fade from view. It is not entirely clear that the Turkic people called Uighurs who now dwell mostly in Western China are the same folk; the name is the same, but it could have been adopted by later-arriving tribes. The country was invaded by the Got Turks in 681.

After 681 Politically Influential Queen Vijaybhattarike of Chandraditya (India)
A well-known poet, she is mentioned as reigning for a time in the absence of her husband King Chandraditya who was the brother of Vikramaditya I (655-681).

682-741 Lady Six Sky of Uac Cab'nal (Naranjo in Guatemala/Belize)
Alternative versions of her name was Lady Wac Chanil Ahau, Lady of Dos Pilas and Lady of Tikal. She arrived "here" in 682 as the daughter of King B'alaj Chan K'awiil of Dos Pilas. She was never invested as a Naranjo ruler, she assumed every other prerogative of kingship, portraying herself on monuments and performing key calendrical rituals. This even extended to military symbolism. It is clear that she assumed the role of Queen regnant and effectively ruled, then perhaps co-ruled for a substantial period. She seems to have been the mother of king K'ak Tiliw Chan Chaak, but the sources never mention his father. She was the central figure, even after the formal enthronement of her son (at age five). She waged war in his name, and remained an important force to until her death at the age of 77. She lived (664-741).

686-90 Regent Empress Jitō of Japan
690-97 Tennō Regnant
697-703 De-Facto Ruler
持統天皇, was daughter of Tenji Tennō, who was regent 661-68 and Emperor 668-71. Her husband and uncle, Temmu Tennō, had withdrawn to temple-life and left the throne to their son in 886 with her as regent and later successor. She made important administrative reforms, encouraged the development of agriculture and had the first silver coin stuck. Abdicated in favour of her nephew (and grandson) Mommu, In 697 she abdicated in Mommu's favor, but she continued to hold power as a cloistered ruler, which became a persistent trend in Japanese politics, and was the first to take the honorary title for past emperors - Dajo-Tennō. She lived She lived (645-703).

687 Politically Influential Queen Lady K'atun Ajaw of Piedras Begras (Mexico)
The sources indicate that she, as wife of King K'inich Yo'nal Akh II yielded considerable political power during his reign. She was born as Princess of Amana.

690-710 "Chief Administrator" Shangguan Wan'er in China
She had been Empress Wu Zetian's trusted aide prior to her enthronement, and for several decades the destiny of the Tang Empire was in the hands of these two exceptional women. Historical data show that they were instrumental in maintaining the stability, prosperity and development of the Tang Dynasty. Her grandfather was involved in a power struggle during Emperor Gaozong's reign and was, along with her father, executed by Wu Zetian. Wan'er learned reading and writing from female officials in the imperial palace, and was later givenr the responsibility of drafting edicts. Eventually all memorials submitted to Wu Zetian were first read by Wan'er for her opinion before being approved by the empress. By the age of 19, Wan'er was the second most powerful person in the imperial court, second only to Wu Zetian herself. Wan'er was apponted Zhaorong and responsible for the imperial harem. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong, Wan'er proved an invaluable helpmeet. In one palace coup, she coolly and efficiently directed the guards to attack leaders of the rebellion, and so suppressed the uprising. Wan'er was also a positive influence on the Emperor, and encouraged him to build schools and so foster literary talent. After Wu Zetian's resignation Shangguan Wan'er sought the new Empress Wei's patronage. The empress enjoyed power for only a short time and was put to death when Li Longji, Prince of Linzi, stormed the palace. As a member of Empress Wei's clique, Shangguan Wan'er was also killed. Shangguan Wan'er lived (664-710).

Ca 690-701 Queen Regnant Dahlia al-Chain of the Moors (Berbian tribe in Tunisia)
Her name means the "priestess" or the "prophetess", and she assumed personal command of the Barbarian forces, and under her leadership, the Arabs were briefly forced to retreat, but since the Arabs were relentless, she ordered a scorched earth policy. After her defeat, Dahia al-Kahina took her own life, and sent her sons to the Arab camp with instructions that they adopt Islam and make common cause with the Arabs. Ultimately, these men participated in invading Europe and the subjugation of Spain and Portugal.  

692 Regent Queen Dowager Clothilde of Neustria and Bourgogne (France)
Regent for a few months for son Childéric. She is also known as Rothilde, Chrothéchildis or Doda (d. 694/9).

685-99 Regent Dowager Princess Spram of Girdyaman (Azerbaijan)
Ruled in the name of Varaz-Tiridat I of the Mihranid Dynasty, who ruled (680-699). She was succceded by Sheraye.

Ca. 700 Queen Magajiya Kufuru (Kofana) (Nigeria)
The first of 15 successive Queens, she was followed on the throne by Gino (Gufano), Yakunya (Yfakaniya), Walzamu (Waizam), Yanbam Gizirigzit (Gadar-Gadar), Imagari (Anagiri), Dura, Gamata, Shata, Batatume, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata, Zama and around 1000 Shawata.

704-05 De Facto Ruler Dowager Grand Queen Khri ma lod of Tibet
After her husband, Grand King 'Dus-srong (676-704), was killed in battle she quickly dethroned his son King Lha in favour of the infant Rgyal Gtsug ru. Revolts and initiated the executions of her opponents until Khri-Ide-btsug-brtan, came on the throne, and ruled Tibet 705-755. He retaliated with more raids. He married a Chinese Princess and, needing help against Arab invasions, made peace with China in 730.

705 Presiding over the Synod of River Nith Abbess Elfleda of Whitby in England
She was the successor of Abbess Hilda. Before that five Abbesses had been present at the Council of Becanfield in 694, where they signed the decrees before the presbyters. Later Abbess also took titles from churches impropriated to her house, presented the secular vicars to serve the parochial churches, and had all the privileges of a landlord over the temporal estates attached to her abbey. The Abbess of Shaftsbury held of the king by an entire barony, and by right of this tenure had, for a period, the privilege of being summoned to Parliament.

705-10 Politically Influential Princess Anle of China
After the death of Empress Wu Zetian, the court of the reinstalled emperor Zhongzong was controlled by the clan of his wife, Empress We , her daughter Princess Anle and Wu Sansi , a relative of late Empress Wu Zetian. In 710 Empress Wei enthroned the minor Li Chongmao (posthumous Tang Shaodi). Only the rebellion of Li Longji could reestablish the power of the house of Li, and the deposed emperor Ruizong was reinstalled. Princess Taiping was the last to challenge the ruling house, and in 712 Ruizong abdicated in favor of Li Longji.

707-15 Genmei Tennō of Japan
元明天皇, also known as Gemmyo, she was daughter of Tenji Tennō (622-673-686) and succeeded her son Mommu as the 43rd imperial ruler. She  proved an unusually able ruler. She coined the first copper money and caused scribes to write down the ancient traditions lest they be lost, and in 708 she moved the capital city of Japan from Fujiwara to Heijo-Kyo, thus giving the Nara period of Japanese history its name. Married to her first cousin and nephew, Kusakabe no miko, the son of Emperor Temmu of Japan and Empress Jito of Japan, she abdicated in favour of her daughter, Empress Gensho-Tennō. She lived (661-722).

710 Regent Dowager Empress Wei Shi of China
For Emperor Li Chan Mao of the Tang Dynasty. She tried to rule as hard as Empress Wu and to be named Emperor in her own right. She sold offices and Buddhist monk hoods, and she was behind other corruption at court, and in 712 she was ousted from power and killed.

710 Politically Influential Princess Taiping of China of China
Together with her nephew Xuanzong she conspired to put an end to Empress Wei's attempted usurpation of power. He killed Empress Wei, the wife of his recently dead uncle Emperor Zhongzong, in a palace coup which placed his own father, Emperor Ruizong, on the throne. Xuanzong himself succeeded the throne in 712.

Ca. 710-34 Princess Regnant Libuše Vyšehrad of Bohemia
According to legend, Libuse inherited rule over the Czech tribes from her father, Krok. As ruler of the lands, she was also the highest 'court of appeal' for disputes among the people. Przemysl Ploughman (Premysl Orac in Czech) came to Vysehrad and married Libuse and took over the job of ruling the unruly Czechs and he and Libuse together started the Przemyslid Dynasty, which ruled over the Czech lands till the 14th century

714 Acting Major Domina Plectrudis von Ecternach of Neustraia, Austria, Aquitania and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Plectrud or Plectrude, she engaged in a power-struggle with her stepson, Carles Martel after the death of her husband, Pipin II d'Heristal. She favoured the succession of one of her grandsons to the office of Major Domus. Her forces were finally defeated in 719. She was daughter of Count Palantine Hugobert von Ecternach  (d. 697/698) and inherited "The Lands between the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse" after her mother Irmina von Oeren, and was later declared a Saint. She lived (Before 665-ca.725). 

715-24 Genshō Tennō of Japan
元正天皇 succeeed her mother, Gemmei Tennō, mainly for the purpose to hold the throne until her nephew Shōmu would be mature enough ascend to the throne. Fujiwara no Fuhito, who had been the most powerful courtier in her mothers court, remained so until his death in 720. After his death her cousin, Prince Nagaya, seized the power. Under her reign, the edition of Nihonshoki, the first Japanese history book was finished in 720. Organisation of the law system was being continued, and the taxation system which had been introduced by Empress Jitō in the late 7th century was reformed to promote agricultural production. She also encouraged the arts, letters and science, continuing the works of her mother. When her nephew reached the age of 25 she abdicated. Gensho was born as Princess Hidaka and also known as Yoro. She was unmarried and lived (679-748).

720-... De facto Joint Ruler Hababa of Bagdad (Iraq)
She was slave singer of the 9th Ummayyad Caliph, Yarzid II Ibn 'Abd al-Malik who was hostage to her carm. She choked on a pomegranate seed and he died of grief a few weeks later. Later historians stigmatized him and held him in contempt for letting himself be infatuated by a slave.

720s-31 Princess Regnant Prisbit of the Khazars (Russia)
The Khazars were a semi-nomadic steppe-people which lived in southern Russia between the Volga and Don rivers, northwest of the Caspian Sea.

721 Snake Lady Ti' of Palenque (Mexico)
She came to Sak Nikte' in 721 and is described as the yatan, or "wife of," Yuknoom Took' K'awiil, the last great ruler of Calakmul (ruled ca. 702-ca. 731). The date of her arrival is most interesting as it falls 26 years after a major victory by Tikal over Calakmul, in which the power of the Snake Kingdom was overthrown and its influence in the Petén was seriously curtailed. In addition, this arrival occurred only a dozen years before another major clash between Tikal and Calakmul, in which the former again appears to have successful. This information, in combination with the iconography of the tablet, suggests that Lady Ti's arrival served to reestablish, after a lengthy absence, the presence of Calakmul in the Petén. In this light, we can begin to appreciate the pairing of the Creation and War palanquins, and the role of the Snake Queens at Sak Nikte'.

722 Army leader Queen Aethelburgh of the Saxons (United Kingdom) 
According to The Anglo Saxon Chronicles her forces destroyed the City of Taunton.

734-41 Khatun and Regent Mo-ki-lien of Mong (Mongolia)
She is known as Khatun Mo-ki-lien, which was the name of her husband. He was poisoned by his minister, and she acted as regent for their son, Yu-jan, who was again succeeded by her minor brother, Tängri Khagan, who died in 741.

748-58 Koken Tennō of Japan (First Reign)
764-70 Shōtoku Tennō (Second Reign)
(孝謙天皇) or (称徳天皇) was the 46th imperial ruler of Japan. She was born as Abe-naishinno, as daughter of Shomu-Tennō, who abdicated in her favour and joined a convent. She was an ardent Buddhist, and assembled priests and exacted severe penalties for the killing of any living thing. More interested in religion than government, she was persuaded to abdicate in favour of kinsman, Junnin. She was influenced by the Buddhist priest, Dokyo, who took up arms against Junnin, who were banished to the island of Awaji, where he died one year later. Dokyo tried to persuade her to abdicate in her favour, but she refused. Shōtoku died of smallpox, after which she was succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, Emperor Kōnin. Her posthumous name is Takano Hime Abenno Nai Sin Wo, and she lived (717-770).

748-54 Regent Dowager Princess Hiltrude of Bavaria (Germany) 
After the death of her husband, Odilo I of Bavaria, she assumed the regency for their son, Tassilo. Daughter of Charles Martell, Maiordomus in Austrasia (719-741), Duke of Franks (737-741). She (d. 754).

Ca. 750 Legendary Queen Wanda of Poland
According to legend her father, king Krak was succeeded by one brother, but was killed by another. The Councillors broke with tradition in asking Wanda to rule over her people. Peace and prosperity prevailed over Krakow, but in the west, the Germans grew in strength and began attacking Polish hamlets and cities. The German commander, Rytygier, wanted to make Wanda his wife, and to avoid this and save her people, she wandered to the top of a cliff over the Wisla river, she threw herself into the river.

751-58 Reigning Dowager Duchess Scaunipirga of Benevento (Italy)
Ruled alone after the death of her son Gisolfo II.

Ca. 772-98 Joint Reigning Queen Cynethryth of Mercia (United Kingdom)
She was the wife of Offa II, the Saxon King of Mercia (757-96), and acquired notoriety as a tyrannical Queen. She was the only Queen consort ever allowed to issue coins in her own name, and they carry vivid portraits, the earliest portrait of an Englishwoman. Her daughter, Eadburgh, acquired a still worse reputation.    

Ca. 774 Governor Cara Zon of Carcasson (Spain)
According to legent she was daughter of Abderame,  or Ennis-Al-Moumenin, Lord of the Believers, and married to Al-Babel, king of the region of Carcassonne and Narbonne, who was was assassinated. To save her life, she had to flee to her town, swearing to take revenge upon her husband’s murderers. She believed that Charles the Great (Charlemagne) was associated with them. She defends the town, first with her men and then alone, but leaving the impression that she still has plenty of men and food, which makes Charles deside to leave, and then a horn blows on top of the walls. Dame Carcas sonne (she blows her horn). Overwhelmed by the satisfaction of seeing such a mighty warrior giving up because of her creative obstinacy, is surrendering and presenting to the emperor the keys of her town. She asks to be baptized and is married to one of Charles' vassals named Roger, who gives his name to the illustrious counts of the city. Charlemagne makes it a personal point that the name of the city remains Carcassonne to honor such a great Lady.

775-809 Politically Influential Al-Haizuran of Bagdad (Iraq)
Also known as Khayzuran (literally, Bamboo) she was a slave, born most likely in Yemen, and gained substantial influence during the reigns of her husband, al-Mahdi (775-785), who allowed her to make many important decisions. After his death, it was Khayzuran who kept the peace by paying off the Caliph's army in order to maintain order. She arranged for the accession of her son, al-Hadi, even when he was away from the capitol. When al-Hadi proved less tolerant of Khayzuran's political maneuverings than had al-Mahdi, it was speculated that it was Khayzuran who arranged his murder in favour of her second, more tolerant son, Harun. Whatever the truth, Khayzuran is more fondly remembered than many of the caliphs themselves.

779–794 Joint Ruler Empress Shila-Mahadevi of Rashtrakuta (India)
She ruled jointly with her husband, Emperor Dhruva, and had the right to make large grants independently.

780-90 Regent Dowager Empress Eirene of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
787 Presiding  over the 7th Ecomenical Synod (Council)
792 Joint Ruler of the Empire
797-802 Reigning Empress
Also known as Irene, she dominated her husband Emperor Leo IV (775-780), and after his death she took over the regency for son, Constantine VI. Irene generally undermined Constantine's authority when he tried to push her aside, she deposed him in 797 - he was seized, flogged and blinded. Irene began her reign as the first Byzantine Empress, and did not recognize Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800. After the death of his wife, Liutgard, the same year, Charlemagne sought her hand in marriage - but nothing came out of this proposal. Soon revolts against Irene rule broke out and she was deposed by the leading Patricians. Irene was then exiled to island of Lesbos, where she supported herself by spinning. Irene died the following year and her former finance minister succeeded as Emperor Nicephorus I. She lived (752-803).

Until 783 Politically Active Queen Berta of France
She was the wife of king Pepin and a mother of king Charles the Great, and was especially active in diplomacy.  

783-784 Politically Active Queen Fastrada of France
Involved in politics during the reign of her husband, king Charles the Great, until her death.

793-ca. 810 Regent Kanza of Idrisis of Saghir (Morocco)
Ruled in the name of her son Idris II ibn Idris of Saghir (793-823) who was prince from his birth.

806-810 Politically Influential Imperial Consort Fujiwara Kusuko of Japan
In 807 she accused some members of the other branches of the Fujiwara clan of conspiring against her husband, Emperor Heizei. Shortly after the plot, Emperor Heizei retired, citing health problems, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Emperor Saga. When Heizei recovered from his illness, she and others worked to get him reinstated to the throne. In response, Saga dismissed her from her very important administrative post as was Superior of the Ladies-in-Waiting (naishi-no kami), where her duty was to transfer of the emperor's decrets and she had very often formulated the emperor's decrets. The following day she and her husband left the capital and headed east to raise troops and retake the throne. But their uprising quickly failed. Ex-emperor Heizei became a priest, her brother Nakanari was executed and she committed suicide. The incident brought intense scrutiny to the political activities of women in the inner palace. and after this incident, women in the inner palace were unable to publicly engage in politics and receded to the background.

811-13 Politically Influential Empress Prokopia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Her husband, Michael I Rhangabe became emperor and she is said to have been a dominant force at court until his abdication. 

818-before 843 Politically Active Empress Judith of the Holy Roman Empire
Involved in politics during the reign of her husband, Emperor Ludwig the Devout (778-840), and son, Karl the Bald.

824-mid 800's Countess Åsa Haraldsdottir of Agder (Norway)
The territory was situated in the southernmost tip of Norway, just west of Vestfold and the Oslo region.

Before 825 Heiress Esyllt ferch Cynan of the Kingdom of Gwynedd (Wales in the United Kingdom)
Also known as Ethil, she was the heiress of her father, King Cynan        
Dindaethwy of Gwynedd. She was married to king Guriat of Ynys Manaw (Isle of Man). After the death of her uncle in 825, the throne was secured for Merfyn. He crossed from Isle of Man, where he was almost certainly already King, to bring a new stability as well as a new dynasty to Gwynedd after many years of Civil War. He reigned for 19 years but an absentee monarch left Manaw open to invasion. The Hiberno-Viking, Godred mac Fergus established himself there in 836 and the country was never recovered.

Before 825 Regent Dowager Queen Angharad Ferch Maredudd Llewelyn of Powys, Holderness, Skipton and Cockermouth (Wales and England in the United Kingdom)
Reigned in the name of her son.

829-30 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Euphrosyne of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Emperor Constantinos VI who divorced her mother, Maria of Amnia (ca. 770-ca. 830) and send both of them to a monestary, where they stayed until 820 when Michael II of Amorion ursurped the throne and married Euphrosyne in order to legitimize his reign. After his death, she was probably member of the regency council for his son, Theophilos, though the sources are not clear about this. After she helped select his wife, Theodora, she retired to a convent, though she did not stay totally out of politics. She (ca. 790-after 840).

832-ca.38 Queen Regnant Pramodo Vardhani of Central Java (Indonesia)
Succeeded her father Taga Samara-tunga and was succeeded by her husabnd, Pikatan, who reigned 838-51. In 835 the Sanjaya Dynasty conquered the island.

842-56 Head of the Regency Council Dowager Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The widow of Theophilos (829-42), she was leader of the regency for her son Michael III (838-42-67). She restored the veneration of  icons, brought back the deposed holy Patriarch Meletios and convened a Council, at which the Iconoclasts were anathematized. When Michael came of age, she spent 8 years in the monastery of Saint Euphrosynia, in ascetic deeds and the reading of Divine books (a copy of the Gospels is known of, copied by  her hand). She died peacefully in about the year 867. Later declared a saint.

842 Member of the Regency Council Princess Tekla of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The sister of Michael III, she was in theory co-regent with Theodora

842-52 Joint Ruler Queen Mother Ch'en of Tibet
She reigned jointly with Ch'ilihu in succession to Lang Dharma.

846-85 Ruler Ela Giudit of Aksum (Ethiopia)  
Also known as Terda’e Gomaz Yodit, she was grandchild of Demawedem Wechem Asfare (790-820)

Around 846 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Tribhuvana Mahadevi I of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
She also used the title Parambhattarika and was member of the Majhapit-Dynasty, which later immigrated to Indonesia. After the death of king Subhakara Deva III, she was asked by the chiefs to ascend the throne. Interestingly she was asked to do this and save the kingdom as Devi Gosvamini did in olden days, indicating that women had ruled before. Married to king Lalitahara (rulde around 829) and was succeeded by king Santikara II.

848-851 Consors Regni Empress Irmingard de Tours of The Holy Roman Empire
Even though her husband, Lothar I, was only Emperor in parts of the realm (Italy and Burgundy), she held the title of Consors Regni - co-ruler. She was mother of 9 children, and lived (ca. 800-851).

851–875 Consors Regni Empress Angilberga de Spoleto of The Holy Roman Empire and Italy
As “consors regni” she officially acted as co–ruler of her husband, Emperor Ludwig II, especially after he was hurt in a hunting accident in 564. She was especially active in her native Italy, and very politically active in the effords to secure the succession to her husband, since their two daughters were barred from inheriting. After her husband's death, she became Abbess of San Sisto in Piacanzam and lived (ca. 825-896/901).

853-55 Pope John VIII of the Catholic Church
John Anglicus was a ninth century Englishman, who after having stayed in Athens came to lecture at the Trivium in Rome. He became a Cardinal, and when Pope Leo IV died in 853 CE, he was unanimously elected pope. As Pope John VIII he ruled for two years. However, while riding one day from St. Peter's to the Lateran, he had to stop by the side of the road and, to the astonishment of everyone, gave birth to a child. According to one legend, the people of Rome then tied her feet together and dragged her behind a horse while stoning her to death. Another legend has it that she was sent to a far away convent and that her child became Bishop of Ostia. It is not known whether the story of Pope Joan is true. The first known reference to her occurs in the thirteenth century, 350 years after her supposed reign. The Catholic Church at first seemed to accept the reality of Pope Joan. Marginal notes in a fifteenth century document refer to a statue called "The Woman Pope with Her Child" that was supposedly erected near the Lateran. There was also a rumor that for some years the chairs used during papal consecrations had holes in their seats, so that an official check of the pope's gender could be performed. During the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church began to deny the existence of Pope Joan, and modern scholars have been unable to resolve the historicity of Pope Joan/Giovanna/Johanna/Jeanne.

Ca. 866-76 Queen Regnant Xiuhtlacuilolxochitzin of Quauhtitlan (Guatemala and Mexico)
The Aztech sources says about her: "In 11 Rabbit the Lady Xiuhtlacuilolxochitzin became ruler, and she had her straw-house in Tianquiztenco. Where it was is now Tepexitenco. And the reason the nation had been left to this Lady, they say, is that she was Huactli’s wife-also she knew how to invoke the devil Itzpapalotl.".

877-79 Presiding over the Court Queen Engelberge of the Franks
She played a prominent role during the reign of her husband, King Louis II of the Franks (846-77-79), who was succeeded by two of their sons, Louis III (863-79-82) and Carloman. Engelberge (d. 890). 

884-97 Politically Influential Imperial Consort Shukushi of Japan
She was the adopted sister of the Fujiwara-regent and de-facto ruler, Mototsunes. It was apparently her influnence that secured the succession of Emperor Kōkō (884-887). She was mother of the later Emperor Uda (887-897), whose succession to the throne she also made possible.

After 885 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Tribhuvana Mahadevi II of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
Also known as prthvi Mahadevi, she was the widow of Subhakara and was ousted by King Santikara III.


887-897 Queen Regnant Chinsong Yo Ju of Silla (Korea)
Also known as Chinsong Yowang, she succeeded brother. Unlike the previous Queens, she ruled during an era of decline. Local warlords were increasing in power and Chinsong was unable to collect the taxes needed for a central army Most of her reign was spent in putting down rebellions One of the warlords managed a successful rebellion against her.

887-96 Regent Countess Dowager Ermengarde of Province (France)
After the death of her husband, Louis II (822/4-75), who was king of Italy (844) and Holy Roman Emperor (850) and count of Province (863-69), she took over the reins for their minor son Louis III (887-928), who was king in Italy from 900 and Holy Roman Emperor from 901. She (d. 896/96).

891 Regent Dowager Queen Hint bint Isaq of Tihama (Arabia)
Together with three others she was regent for Abd' Allah (981-1018).

894 Politically Influential Dowager Queen Ageltrudes di Benevento in Italy
After the death of her husband, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy, Wido di Spoleto, she supported her son, Lambert, against other claimants and helped him gain control over most of Italy.

Around 900-after 915 Senatrix Theodora I of Rome (Italy)
Married to senator Theopylakt and very influential in Rome. She installed the popes Lando (913-14) and John X, whom she controlled. Mother of Marozias I and Theodora II .

Around 900 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Gauri Mahadevi of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
King Santikara III (Subha Kara Devi) was succeeded by Subhakara V who was married to Gauri Mahadevi and Vakula Mahadevi. Gauri Mahadevi was succeeded by her daughter Dandi Mahadevi and Dandi Mahadevi conquered the throne.

Around 900 Reigning Queen of Orissa (India)
She was elected as ruler after the death of her son, Lolitabharana Deva.

900 Governor Revvaka Nammadi of Edatore (India)
She was a Princess of Rashtrakuta

902-04 Regent Sugandha Rani of Utpala (India)
904-14 Rani Regnant
Initially regent for Gopala Varman (902-04) and Samkata Varman (904) until she became ruler in her own name. She allied herself with the Ekangas in order to maintain her control of Kashmir as a whole. In 914 a clash between the two Factions, her forces were defeated, leaving the Tantrins in complete control, and her deposed.

908-32 Politically Influential Shaghab of Baghdad (Iraq)
Sucessful in maneuvering the religious and military elite into recognizing her only 13 year old son, Muqtadir, as caliph. She had origially been a slave.

911-918 Sovereign Lady Æthelflæd of Mercians (United Kingdom)
Also known as Ethelfleda, Eþeleda, Aethelfled, Æthelfleda or Æthelflæd) she became ruler after her husband, Aethelred or Ethelred, Earl of Mercia, died after the Battle of Tettenhall, she became ruler of the territory. She was a formidable military leader and tactician. She ruled for five years from the newly fortified capital at Stafford, and under her reign, it is likely that the English county of Staffordshire first came into being. She fortified her existing borders and re-took Derby. She died in 918, and is buried at Gloucester. She was joint lady of the Mercians along with her young daughter Aelfwynn, who was later deposed by King Edward the Elder, Æthelflæd's brother. She was daughter of King Alfred of Wessex and lived (872-918).

914-919 Regent Dowager Empress Zoë Karbonopsina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The fourth wife of Leon IV, who died 912. After his death the guardian of her son, but Constantinos VII (b. 905) sent her to a convent. She later managed to become regent for son, but was deposed in 919.

915 Regent Dowager Markgravine Bertha of Lothringa of Lucca, Torino and Piemont and Tuscia (Toscana) (Italy)
Her first husband was Theobald d'Arles and with him she had Hugh II of Italy. Her second husband was Adalbert II of Toscana. She lived (863-925).

915-ca. 19 Regent Dowager Countess Alberada of Hainault (Belgium)
After the death of her second husband, Reginar I Langhals of Hainalut, she was regent for son Reginar II (ca. 895-after 932). Her first husband seems to have been Duke of Lorraine, with whom she had a daughter. Alberada (d. after 919).

916-23 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Dandi Mahadevi of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
Succeeded mother and was succeeded by her step-mother Vakula Mahadevi, who ruled until ca. 950.

918-20 Sovereign Lady Ælfwyn of Mercians (United Kingdom)
Also known as Aelfwynn, she succeeded her mother, Lady Æthelflæd. Chroniclers have noticed the right of Aelfwynn so precisely as to leave no doubt concerning her claim; and this fact is of considerable value in showing that, contrary to the practice of other Teutonic nations, the sovereign authority amongst the Anglo-Saxons might descend to a female. But her uncle, King Edward of Wessex, occupied the town and received the submission of the Mercians, and in December of the same year, he deprived her "of all authority among the Mercians" and took her away to Wessex, where she seems to have spend the rest of her life in a nunnery. (d. 1007?).

Around 920 Sovereign Dame Ava of Auvergne (France)
Married to Geoffroy II de Gastinas, she lived (895-942).

921 Regent Dowager Duchess Ludmila of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
The widow of Prince Borivoj, the first Christian ruler of the area. She raised her oldest grandson, Wenceslas as a Christian, and her daughter-in-law raised the younger, Boleslav, as a pagan. After the death of her son, Bratislav I, the anti-Christian Faction attempted to seize control, but she urged Wenceslas, who was around 13, to take power in the name of Christianity. She acted as regent, but her daughter-in-law, Drahomira, had her strangled. She became a martyr and was later declared a saint.

921-22 Reigning Dowager Duchess Drahomira von Stöder of Bohemia
926-28 Regent of the Duchy
A non-Christian, she was widow of Bratislav I, she became regent for son, Wenceslaus, after having had his grandmother, Ludmilla, strangled. A civil war broke out between the Christian and non-Christian factions. Drahomira continued as regent for a couple of years, and (d. 935).

922-33 Sovereign Countess Andregoto Galindez de Galicia of Aragón (Spain)
She succeeded her father Galindo II Aznaréz, and married Ordoño II of Galicia, Leon, Castilla y Alava. (d. 972).

923-934 Politically Influential Queen Emma of France
She was very Politically Active and a army leader during the reign of her husband king Raoul of Bourgogne (921-36). She was daughter of Robert I, Count and Paris (892-93) and King of France (922-23) and his first wife, Aeis. Their only son died young, and she (d. 934).

926 Regent Dowager Empress Shulü Hatun of Qidan (China and of Mongolia) 
Also known as Khatun Shu-lü Shih of Purtmish. She was married to the founder of the Khitan state was A-buo-qi (872-926), later known as Emperor Taizu of the Liao, who reigned (907-26). She helped him ambush and murder the other chiefs when they went to buy salt from his Chinese "tribes". She had been a great power during her husband’s lifetime. Early in his reign, she had devised a plan for him to murder some of the tribal chiefs who opposed him. Later she established her own military camp, commanded her own army of 200.000 horsemen with which she maintained order when A-buo-qi was away on campaign and even organized campaigns against rival tribes. After his death, she took control of all military and civil affairs. When the time of his internment came, she refused to be buried with him according to custom although more than 300 persons were buried in his mausoleum. She disapproved of the choice of their oldest son, Bei, as Emperor and managed to set him aside in favour of her other son, Deguang (902-47). She acted as regent and remained in firm control and exercised great influence for many years to come. After Deguangs death in 947, Bei’s eldest son, Yelu Yuan (918-51), declared himself emperor, but she opposed this and supported the claim of her third son, Lihu. She sent her youngest son with an army to block Yuan’s return to the capital. When the army was defeated, the old lady led her own army to confront her grandson, the new emperor.

926-28 Senatrix Theodora II of Rome and Umbria (Italy)
Succeeded husband. Very powerful in the Papal State as the mistress of Pope John X (914–28). Succeeded by daughter Senatrix Marozia, whose son by Pope Sergius III became Pope John XI in 928.

927-30 Regent Dowager Queen Oneca de Navarra of León (Spain)
Ruled in the name of her son, Alfonso IV (926-31) who abdicated.

928-32/37 Senatrix Marozia I of Rome and Umbria (Italy)
Daughter of the Roman consul Theophylact and his wife Theodora II, Marozia was strongly influenced by her mother who controlled Roman politics and the papacy in what has been called the “pornocracy.” The mistress of Pope Sergius III (904–11), Marozia married, in succession, Albert I of Spoleto (d. 926), Guido of Tuscany (d. 929), and Hugh of Provence, to help maintain her political control. Marozia received the titles “senatrix” and “patricia” from her mother's lover Pope John X (914–28); she nevertheless had him put to death in 928 in order to install her favourite candidates in papal office (including one of her sons as Pope John XI; 931–35). In 932, Marozia was overthrown by Albert II of Spoleto, a son of her first marriage, who had her imprisoned until her death. She lived (892–ca.937).

929-46 Metropolitana Editha of England of Magdeburg (Germany)
She was given Magdeburg as her dorwy after the marriage to Otto I, Duke of Sachsen and Thuringen (936-73) and King of Germany (936-62), of Italy (961-73) and Emperor (962-73). Also known as Eadgyth/Edgith/Edgitha, and daughter of Edmund I of Wessex, King of England (939-46) and St. Elgiva, and mother of 2 sons and 1 daughter. (d. 946).

Until 931 Co-Regent Margravine Ermengard di Lucca of Ivrea (Italy)
She was daughter of Adalbert II of Tuszia and Berta, illegitimate daughter of king Lothar II. As co-regent she secured the Italian throne for her brother, Hugo d’Arle, against the claims of Raoul II de Haute-Bourgogne. 

931/33-ca.93 Regent Dowager Princess Toda Nzhar Aznárez of Pamplona (Spain)
Reigned in the name of her son Garcia II Sánchez, king of Navarra.

934 Hereditary Countess Arsinde of Carcasconne and Razes (France)
Her husband Arnaud de Comminges became count after her father, Acfred III's death

936-66 "Regent" Queen Mathilda of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was widow of Emperor Heinrich I, she was also Head of the Chapters of Winithusen, Nordhausen, Richeberg and Pölden. Later declared a saint. (d. 968).

Around 940 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Vakula Mahadevi of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
The second widow of Santikara III, she succeeded step-daughter, Dandi Mahadevi, and was succeeded by Dharma Mahadevi another widow of Santikara - III.

Until 942 Hereditary Duchess Ermengarde II of Basse-Bourgogne (France) 
The daughter of Richard le Justicier, Duke of Burgundy (952), she married her cousin married Gilbert de Chalon (ca. 900-56), count d'Atun, Chalon, Beaune et Dijon in 938. Mother of two daughters who devided the inheritance. Liégarde became Duchesse de Bourgogne and Adélaide Countess d'Auxerre etc. in ca. 956 Ermengarde lived (ca. 905-42).

945-55 Regent Dowager Grand Duchess Olga of Kiev and Novgerod (Russia)
Took over the government for son Svyatoslav after the murder of her husband, Grand Duke Igor I, in 945. In 957, she was baptized while on a trip to Constantinople. Although  she worked hard to persuade other Russians to adopt her new faith, the  mass conversion of Russians to Christianity did not occur until after   the baptism in 988 of her grandson, Grand Prince Vladimir. Later declared a saint, she lived (ca. 890-969).

945-59 Co-ruler Empress Helena Lecapena of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Married to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitu (913-59), who raised her father, Romanus Lecapenus, to the rank of cæsar and the status of co-emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and actual ruler of the state. In 944 two sons deposed him, but they were executed, and finally Constantine took over the reigns himself - though with heavy guidance from Helena. She retired to a convent after her husband's death, to please his son, Romanus, who was under the spell of his wife, Theophano. 

946-55 Politically Influential Dowager Queen Edgiva of England
Also known as Eadgifu, she was a dominant force during the reign of her son Edred (924-46-46), who came on the throne when his older brother, Edmund the Magnificent was murdered in 946. She was the third wife of King Edward of Wessex (Ca. 871-88-924). She was daughter of Sigehelm, Ealdrman of Kent, mother of 4 children, and lived (905-68)

947-ca. 75 Regent Dowager Sri Isanatunggavijaya of East Java
(Indonesia)
Succeeded father, Mpu Sindok (929-47).

949 Hereditary Duchess Ida of Schwaben (Germany)
She was the heir of her father Hermann I von Schwaben and Regilinda, she was married to Liudolf, the son of Emperor Otto I, who became Duke of Schwaben. Mother of Duke Otto I of Bavaria and Schwabia and Abbess Mathilde of Essen (949-965-1011). Ida was German first Lady after the death of Queen Egith until Otto I married Adelheid of Bourgogne, and lived (ca. 932/34-86).

From ca. 949 Mahrajadhiraja Parmesvari Dharma Mahadevi of Kara in Tosala and Kongoda (India)
The third widow of Santikara III to rule the kingdom, she was the last ruler of Bhaumkara dynasty, which came under the grip of Somavamsis, and later migrated to Indonesia.

Ca. 949-76 Politically Influential Queen Jelena of Croatia
She was influential both during the reign of her husband, Mihovil Kresimir II, and of her son, Stjepan Drzislav (969-997). In the decription on her tomb-stone it says that she managed to obtain peace in the kingdom "...she who, during her lifetime, was the mother of the kingdom, has now become the mother of the poor and the protectress of widows. When thou looketh here, o man, say: Lord, have mercy on her soul!" (949-969) .

950-58 De-facto Ruler Rani Didda of Kashmir, Yassakara and Parvagupta (India)
958-80/81 Regent Dowager Rani
981-1004 Rani Regnant
Took part in the government during the whole reign of her husband Kshmagupta,and afterwards she was regent for her son Abhimanyu, and thereafter sole ruler in her own right after killing her three grandsons. She eventually handed over the throne to her maternal family from Lohara in undisputed, peaceful succession. Didda was able to transform herself from a comparatively unsure and politically naive persona into a ruthless, decisive and ambitious one, and her alternate bribe-and-placation policy helped in quelling rebellions.

Around 950 Queen Regnant Gokare of Kuba (Congo)
Settlers gradually drifted into the Kuba region between 1000 and 1500, initially forming small communities. 

Around 950 Queen Regnant Yehudit of the Falasha Agaw (Ethiopia)
Also known as Yodit, Esato or Judith, she attacked the Christian southern provinces of Ethopia as far as the mountains of Tigre around 975. The Ethiopians saw her invasion as a punishment for having failed to be obedient to their Coptic patriarch. While the Agaw held power, the Amhara and Tegre culture entered a "dark age" about which little is known, and a large part of the Ethiopian civilization was lost or destroyed during this time.

954-ca. 59 Regent Dowager Queen Gerberga von Sachsen of France
In 939 her first husband, Duke Giselbert of Lorraine, died and she married Louis IV of France, who also became ruler of Lorraine in spite of the opposition from her brother-in-law Hugo of Francien, husband of her sister, Hadwig. In 954 Louis died, and she managed to secure the election of her son, Lothar III as king of France and she took over the regency. The contemporary sources describe her as a highly educated, intelligent and forceful player in the political game of the time. Mother of around 10 children, she lived (913-69).

954-55 and 976-77 Countess Regnant Gunnhilda Erlandsdatter of Orkney (United Kingdom)
Ruled jointly with Ragnfred (954-55), Godfred (955-57) and Thorfinn I Skullsplitter (Ca. 957-77). For six hundred years Orkney was dominated by the Norse, initially invaders and then settlers from Western Norway, who rapidly colonized the islands and then went on to build the Earldom which at its peak controlled much of the west coast of Scotland, the Isle of Man, Caithness and Sutherland.

955-66 Regent Dowager Duchess Judith of Bavaria (Germany)
She was the daughter of Duke Arnulf of Bavaria. Married to Heinrich, a son of Heinrich I of Germany, who became duke of Bavaria in 948. After his death, she was regent for their son, Heinrich II using the title of Dux et domina or Dux dominaque. 966-74 she was on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and afterwards she retired to the Chapter of Niedermünster in Regensburg. (d. after 985). 

956-58 Regent Dowager Duchess Hadwig von Sachsen of Francia (Germany)
After the death of her husband, Hugo of Francia/Franzien, she was in charge of the Robertine Inheritance. In 957 she aided her brother, Brun of Köln in his fight against Reginar III von Haiault. She was daughter of King Heinrich I and Mathilde. 

956-87 Sovereign Countess Adélaïde I Wéra de Chalon of Auxerre Chalons-sur-Saône and Beaune (France)
She was daughter of Gilbert de Chalon and Ermengarde II de Bourgogne. She first married to Robert I de Vermandois (ca. 910-967) comte de Meaux, comte d'Auxerre et de Chalon and secondly Lambert de Chalon (ca.930-979) comte de Chalon et d'Autun (ca. 945). Her sister, Liégarde inherited Bourgogne. Adélaide Wéra lived (ca. 928-89).

Around 956 Hereditary Countess Liégarde de Vergy of Bourgogne (France)
Heir of her mother, Ermengarde II de Bourgogne, and her husband, Eudes of France, became Duke of Bourgogne. They did not have any children. Her sister, Adélaide inherited Auxerre and Chalons.

Around 959 Senatrix Marozia II of Rome (Italy)
Daughter of Theodora II (sister of Marozia I). Before the death of Prince Albericht II she does not appear to have used the title, because he wanted to be the only one with the title of senator. Married to Theophylakt and mother of Gregorio I, Count of Tuskulum.  

960-64 and 1103-11 Countess Tota Ramon of Pallars-Ribagorza (Spain)
She was co-regent with Isaro in the first period - in the second she ruled alone. 

961-62 De-facto in charge of the Government Dowager Empress Mathilde von Sachsen of Germany
She had withdrawn to the convent of Quedlinburg which she founded after the death of her husband, King Heinrich I in 936, but took over the reigns in Germany when her son, Otto I, went to Italy after having appointed his infant son, the later Otto II as regent. She had devoted her time to charity and founder of numerous convents and she was later declared a saint (Mathilde die Heilige). She was mother of 3 sons and 2 daughters (among whom Geberga was regent in the West-Frankish kingdom from 954), and lived (ca. 895-968).

963-69 Regent Dowager Empress Theophano of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Very powerful during the reign of her husband, Emperor Romanos II (959-63) and regent for sons Basileios II and Constantinos VIII. Married to the FieldMarshall Nikephoros Phokas, who was emperor 963-69. He was deposed by Jean Tzimikskes who married Theodora, daughter of Theophano.

966-75 Regent Doña Elvira Ramírez of León and Asturias (Spain)
The daughter of Ramiro II, she left the convent take over the regency for her nephew, Ramiro III, after the death of her brother, Sancho I. She made treaties with Caliph Al-Hahen II and orgaised the defence against the Normans In 968-69. In 975 she was replaced as regent by her sister-in-law, the Dowager Queen Teresa.

966-99 Princess-Abbess Mathilde I von Sachsen of Quedlinburg (Germany)
997-99 Guardian of the Realm of the Holy Roman Empire
Daughter of Emperor Otto I, she was appointed the first Princess-Abbess - Reichsäbtissin - of Quedlinburg. She also acted as "domina imperialis", and followed her brother Otto II on journey to Italy and acted regent with the title of Matica (Reichsverweserin) for her nephew, Otto III during his stay in Italy. She was also named as his representative in Sachsen with the additional titles of Metropolitana of Quedlinburg and Matrixcia of Sachsen (Substitute and Representive of the Emperor). She lived (955-999). 

967-84 Politically Influential Dowager Empress Anshi of Japan
After the death of her husband, Emperor Murakami she was very influential during the reign of her sons, and was the mother of the Tennos Reizei (967-969) and En-yu (969-984).

Until 970 Sovereign Princess Alan-Goa of the Hori-Tumat Dynasty in Mongolia
Succeeded by Prince Bodonchar.

973-75 Joint Ruler Queen Ælfthryth of England
978-84 Regent Dowager Queen
Sources indicated that after her consecration she was considered to been sharing the royal lordship with her husband, King Edgar, who was first succeeded by his son of the first marriage, Edward, then by a brother, and finally by his son by Ælfthryth, Edmund II Ironside (968-78-1016), and was in charge of the government during his minority, and continued to be a dominant force after he came of age.

973-1028 Hereditary Countess Adela von Hamaland of Elten (Germany)
She was daughter of Wichmann II of Hamaland and Luitgard van Flanders, and first married Count Immad of West-Sachsen and secondly to Count Balderich van Drenthe. In 968 her father founded the abbey Elten and her sister, Luitgard, became Abbess. After the sister's death Adela claimed the territory, but in 996 Otto III ended the fight by confirming the rights of the abbey, but Adela managed to secure her rights to a part of the inheritance. She lived (ca. 955-ca.1028)

975-80 Regent Dowager Queen Teresa Ansúrez of León and Asturia (Spain)
The widow of Sanchos I, she replaced her sister in law, Princess Elvira as regent for son, Ramiros II, after his troops was beaten by the Arab forces by Gormaz in 975. From 977 the kingdom was systematically attacked by al Mansur, and in 981 Ramiros was deposed after a riot, and replaced by Vermundo II in Asturia, and was now only king in Leon until he was deposed here too, and killed.

976-86 Regent Subh of Cordova (Spain)
Also known as Sabiha Malika Qurtuba or Sobeida, and was born as a Christian with the name of Aurora, she was concubine of Caliph Hakam, and de-facto ruler during his reign, since he, especially during his later years, retreated to religious contemplation. After his death ruled in the name of their son, Hishram Ibn al Hakram. In 966 she appointed Ibn 'Amir was her secretary and in 976 she appointed him Hajib - chief of viziers. In 997 he ended up deposing her from influence.  

978-94 Queen Gurandukht of Abkhazia (Georgia)
She succeeded Theodosius III the Blind and reigned jointly with king
Bagrat III Bagrationi the Unifier (King of Georgia 1008-14) of the mountainous district along the east coast of the Black Sea.

978/80-92 Politically Active Princess Oda of Poland 
The second wife of prince Mieszko I. After his death in 992 she fought for the power for her 3 sons (Mieszko, Lambert and Świętopełk) with her stepson, Bolesław I Chrobry. She lost. Since 992 she lived in Germany. Some historians suggested, that Mieszko appointed her in 992 a regent. She lived (955-1023)

979-80 Regent Dowager Empress Duong Thai Hau of Vietnam
As her son Dinh Phe De succeeded to the throne, the Chinese Song army approached the Vietnamese boarder and she allied herself with the mandarin in charge of military affairs Le Hoan, who quickly became her lover and they set up a scenario which resulted in downgrading the young king and promoting Le Hoan to the throne as Emperor Le Dai Hanh and soon demonstrated his capacity as an intelligent leader and a talented politician and ruled until 1005.

Ca. 980-1000 Queen Regnant Gudit of Bani al-Hamusa of Demot (Ethiopia)
She attacked the Aksumite Dynasty ruling Ethiopia. She was probably Jewish. It is not quite clear where Bahi al-Hamusa was situated, but it was described as south of the Nile and South-west of Shava.  

980-1027 Politically Influential Empress Fujiwara Senshi of Japan
One of the most influential actors in court life, and favored her brother Michinaga over other contenders for the post, for the position of regent after her son, Ichijo, became Emperor.

981 Regent Hint bint Ishaq of Thama (Arabia)
Today Thama is a city on the coast of Saudia Arabia in the Arab Gulf.

981-991 Regent Dowager Duchess Aloara of Benevento and Capua (Italy)
After the death of her husband, Pandolfo II, she reigned in the name of their son, Pandolfo II (981-1014). She lived (ca. 930-993).

982-1003 Queen Regnant Xiao Shi of Qidan (China and of Mongolia) 
Also known as Yanyan, Yeye, Xiao, Xiaotaihou or Xiao-niangniang or Chengtian, she was influential during the reign of her husband, the Khan Ye-lu Hsien (969-1009) and first regent for their son, son Ye-lu Lung Su, (b. 971) In 986 the kingdom was attacked by the army of the emperor T'ai-tsung of China, but the general Ye-lu Hipu-ko defeated the Chinese and threw the retreating troops into the Sha River. In 989 the Chinese again tried to overcome the Qidans but were defeated. She was an excellent civil administrator and a military commander with her own army with 10.000 cavalry. Even when she was over 60 in 1005 she commanded armies in the field against the Song remained influential until her death. She lived (932-1009).
                 
983 Regent Dowager Empress Adelheid in Italy
985-94 Regent of the Holy Roman Empire

As the widow of Duke Lothar of Burgundy, she married to Otto I at the age of 20. He let her control the lands she brought into the marriage, and even added some he owned. In 976 and 985 she Presided over the hearings of the Royal Court in Italy. When her husband died, she became regent for her son Otto II, who included her in his decrees, arriving at decisions "with the advice of my pious and dearest mother." After her son's death she became joint regent with her daughter-in-law, Theophano, for the 3 year old, Otto III, and after Theophano died, Adelaide became sole regent. After he came of age at the age of 14, she lived in a nunnery using the title "Adelheida, by God's gift Empress, by herself a poor sinner and God's maidservant”. She lived (931-999)


983-91 Regent Dowager Empress Theophano of the Holy Roman Empire
A Byzantine Princess who at the age of seventeen was given to the young Saxon emperor Otto II and crowned Coimperatrix as the only German Empress and Consors Regni. Though elegant and a delicate beauty, she was high-spirited and a superb politician who brought with her an intimate knowledge of the intricacies of court life. When her husband died, leaving her with a three year old son, she took the title "Imperator Augustus" and defended her son Otto III’s title for seven years from those who challenged him. For seven years Theophano with tact and firmness administered the empire in her son's name. She was called by a contemporary "a woman of discreet and firm character...with truly masculine strength." Sometimes she used the male title "imperator augustus, and lived (ca.955-991)

984-89 Queen Sri Vijayamahadevi of Bali (Indonesia)
She was succeeded by the joint rulers King Dharmaudayanavarmadewa (989-1011) and Queen Gunapriyadharmapatni (989-1007).

985-1016 Politically Influential Princess Kunadavai of Chola (India)
Influential during the reign of her brother, king Rajaraja I (985-1016). Her intelligence and goodness inspired so much respect among the people that they called her Ilayapirathi. Later in history we will also know her as a woman who brought up Rajarajan's son, King Rajendra Chola, and inspired him to achieve greatness.


986-87 Regent Dowager Queen Emma of France
Daughter of Lothaire III of Italy and Germany and Adélaide who later married Otto I of Germany. Emma took over the regency after the death of her husband King Lothaire as guardian for son Louis V, who was king from 26th of march 986 till 18th May the following year.

987-1003 Regent Dowager Countess Rozala-Suzanna d'Ivera of Flanderes/Vlaanderen (Belgium)
Her first husband was Roy Robert II de Cabet, and the second Arnulf van Vlaanderen. Regent for son Boudewijn IV. She lived (ca. 955-1003).

987-96 Joint Ruler Queen Alais d'Aquitaine of France
Also known as Adèle, she was married to Hugues Capet, and reigned jointly with him, and after his death 996 she also seems to have played a political role during the beginning of the reign of her son, Robert II. She was daughter of Guillaume II and Adèle de Normandie, and lived (ca. 945-1004/06).

989-1007 Queen Regnant Guanpriyadharmapatni of Bali (Indonesia)
Joint ruler with King Dharmaudayanavarmadewa (989-1011).

Until ca. 992 Sovereign Countess Mathilde of Chiny (Belgium)
Until his death in 982, she ruled jointly with Arnold I Lahngau and 971-1013 with Otto I de Warcq.

993-1005 Regent Dowager Countess Liudgard von Luxembourg of Holland and Westfriesland (The Netherlands)
The widow of Arnulf she was in charge of the regency for son Dirk III. She wad daughter of Siegfried of Luxembourg and Hadwig, sister of Empress Kunigunde. She lived (960/65-1005).

995-1040 Sovereign Countess Adélaide de France of Auxerre (France)
Granddaughter of Hugues le Grand, in succession to his illegitimate son, Herbert. Reigned jointly with husband, Renaud I de Nevers, who died 1040. From then on to 1060 the county was occupied by Burgundy. 

995 Possible Regent Dowager Queen Gunhild of Poland of Sweden 
It is not known for certain that she was acctually the wife of King Erik, who might have been married to Sigrid Storråda, but she might have acted as regent for son, king Olof Skötkonung. Since 996 she was possibly married to Svend Forkbeard king of Denmark and political active until their divorce in 1000. In 996 she lead to an alliance between Denmark and Sweden. Daughter of prince of Poland Mieszko I and Dobrawa, she was origianally named Princess Świętosława–Sygryda, mother of several children with both husbands, and lived (968/72-after 1014).

996-1001 Consors Imperii Sophie von Sachsen of the Holy Roman Empire
1001-39 Reigning Abbess of Gandersheim, Abbess of Essen and Vreden
The daughter of Otto II, she joined the Chapter of Gandersheim at the age of four, and aided her brother, Otto III in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, 994 she took part in the Reichstag of Sohlingen, and went with him to Rome in 996, and she acctually functioned as the First Lady at Court, as "Consors Imperii". After Otto's death she and her sister, Abbess Adelheid of Quedlinburg participated in the "Assembly of the Great of Sachsen" in the Pfalz Werla, which chose their cousin, Heinrich IV of Bayern as the new king under the name of Heinrich II, and they both took part in his coronation. She had been elected Abbess in 1001 but was in dispute with the Bishop of Hillesheim. Also Heinrich's successor, Konrad, made contact with the two Princesses after his election because of their high rank and stature in the Empire. Sophie was also Abbess of Essen and Vreden. She lived (975-1039).

997-1028/29 Regent for the Caliph-Governor Sayuda Sirin Hatyn of Gabal of Persia
Reigned in the name of first her son and then for grandson, both of the Bayide Dynasty

999-1008 Regent Dowager Queen Elivra García of León (Spain)
After the death of her husband, Bermudo II (953-84-99), she was joint-regent with Mendos Gonzales for son Alfonso V (989-999-1028). Born as Princess of Castilla and lived (965-1017)

999-1043 Princess-Abbess Adelheid I von Sachsen of Quedlinburg
1014-43 Reigning Abbess of Gernrode, Froshe, Vreden
1039-43 Reigning Abbess of Gandersheim (Germany)
She was daughter of Emperor Otto II and Thepophano. Already as a child she had been placed in the Chapter of Quedlinburg by her aunt, Mathilde. In 984 she was taken hostage by Heinrich of Bavaria, who wanted to be king of Germany and saw the seven year old girl as a possible tool, since she had been considered a candidate for the succession in the event of her brother's death, but she was liberated by a large Saxon force Her sisters were also Abbesses: Sophia of Gandersheim, Ida of Sankt Marias Köln, Hedwig of Neuss, Theophano of Nevilles and Mathilda of Villach und Didenkirchen. Adelheid lived (977-1043 or 1045).

Ca. 1000 Queen Shawata of Kufuru (Kofana) (Nigeria)
The last of 15 successive Queens, she succeeded Magajiya, who reigned ca. 700, Gino (Gufano), Yakunya (Yfakaniya), Walzamu (Waizam), Yanbam Gizirigzit (Gadar-Gadar), Imagari (Anagiri), Dura, Gamata, Shata, Batatume, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata and Zama.

Around 1000 Sovereign Countess Eve of Dreux and Dauphine (France)
Succeeded father Landri and reigned jointly with her husband, Gauthier de Vexin.

Around 1000 Leader Badit bint Maja of the "Politically Organized Islamic Society" in Ethiopia
Leader of a tribe or a substate-entity.

Around 1000 Administrator Queen Mahadevi of Maruvolal in Karnataka (India)
In charge of Marol in the Bijapur District of Karnataka. She was the daughter of Irivabedanga Satyasraya (Emperor in 997-1008).

1001-42 Politically Influental and Partner in Power Queen Emma de Normandie of England (United Kingdom)
Also known as Alfgifu, and is thought to have been sharing the royal lordship with her husband, King Æthelred II of England, who died 1116, but her power seems to have been limited by the fact that she was his second or third wife. In the years 1013-16 England was conquered by King Knud of Denmark, 1014-15 she and her husband sought refuge by her relatives in Normandy. Knud defeated her stepson and claimed the throne. Her marriage to him was both a sign of reconciliation and a demonstration of his power with her as the symbol of both the English defeat and continuity. And it became the culmination of her power and she became the most visible Queen so far. During Knud's frequent visits to Denmark, where he had become king in 1019, her role was close to that of a regent. When Knud died, his son from an earlier marriage, Harald Harefod, claimed the throne and she had to fight to secure the interests of her own son. She maintained the control of the treasury and tax collection from her Dowry in the City of Winchester. When Harald's grip on England strenghtened, she was send in exile to Flanders, but when he died in 1040, she returned to England with her son, Hardeknud, and during his two years on the throne, she again shared the power, but when her oldest son, Edward succeeded to the throne, he confiscated her estates and trasures and she withdrew permanently to Winchester. She was daughter of Duke Richard I of Normandy and Gunnor, and lived (980's-1052).

1002-24 Consors Regnii Empress Kunigunde von Baynern of the Holy Roman Empire
1012, 1016 etc. Regent
1021 Presiding over the Hearings in the Royal Court in Regsnburg
1024 Co-Regent Dowager Empress
Joint ruler and the closest advisor of her husband, Heinrich II, and joint ruler. She took part in the Imperial Councils and in 1007 she participated in the Synod of Frankfurt, 1012 she commanded the Imperial Army and defeated the attacking Polish troops, in 1018 she officially enthroned her brother Heinrich V as Duke of Bayern. After her Husband's death, she held the royal insignia July till September, and was regent together with her brother´s, Bishop Dietrich von Metz and Heinrich until a successor was elected. She then handed over the insignia to emperor Konrad II. She withdrew to a convent she founded herself and later became a saint. She lived (ca. 980-1033).

1003-07 Regent Dowager Countess Godila von Rothenburg of Rothenburg and Guardian of Nordmark (Germany)
She was related to Bishop Wigfried von Verdun (959-83) who secured the paternal fief for her sons, after the death of her first husband Lothar III, Count von Walbeck. Her oldest son, Werner, born in 990 when she was 13 years old. She had two more sons and a daughter in the first marriage, and two children with her second husband, Hermann II, count von Werl (ca. 980-after 1024), whom she married in 1007. She lived (Ca. 977-1015).

1003-11 Countess Regnant Toda Mumadona of Ribagorza (Spain)
Succeeded her brother, Isarno, and was succeeded by her niece, Munia Mayor of Castilla, the daughter of her sister, Ava. Toda  was married to Count Sunyer of Pallars, and (d. 1011).

1003-25 Reigning Abbess Uta I von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
She is viewed as one of the most important Lady in the history of the chapter and she gave the monks in the neighbouring St. Emmeram the taks of making an expencieve Evangelistar, altar-book, wich still exists. During her reign the Convent was placed directly under the protection of the king of Germany.

1010-? Sovereign Countess Melisende of Dunois (France)
Daughter of Geoffoi II and married to Warin de Domfront of Alençon.

1011-25 and 1029 Sovereign Countess Mayor of Ribagorza (Spain)
The daugther of Garcia I of Castilla and Ava de Ribagorz, she married Count Ramon III of Pallars, who divorced her and took over her territory. She retired into the north and continued to defend her county until her brother Sancho II of Castilla intervened and restored her as ruler. 1125 she retired and became a nun of the Monasterio de San Miguel de Pedroso.

1013-85 Sovereign Countess Irmgardis of Aspel (Germany)
Also known as Saint Irmgardis von Köln, the sources show her as Reigning Countess, and after her parents died, she distributed her wealth among hospitals, churches and social institutions. She lived a simple life in solitude and went on three pilgrimages to Rome. She spend her last years in Köln, where she supported Chapters and Convents. She lived (1000-65/82/89).

1013-16 Supreme Commander of the Palace Shao-shi in China
An official in the palace service organization, she appears to have earned all her promotions through meritorious service. She had served in the palace of Taizong (r.976-997) when he was a feudal prince. When Taizong became emperor, she was made siyi (Director of Clothing) then promoted to shanggong (Chief-of-services) responsible for the Women’s Service Organization within the palace. In 997, Zhenzong (r.998-1022) named her qun furen (Commandery Mistress) and in 1013, the emperor created a new title of gong siling (Supreme Commander of the Palace) in her honor. In 1033, Renzong (r.1023-1064) posthumously promoted her to minor wife status by naming her taiyi (One of Supreme Deportment) and in 1044 to xienfei (Worthy Consort). She (d.1016)

1014-72 Queen Dearbforgail of Munster and Ireland
She was daughter of King Brian Bory, her husband was king Dermont MacMilmamo of Leister was also king of Ireland.  

1015-.. Regent Dowager Duchess Gisela von Schwaben of Swabia (Germany)
1024-39 Co-Regent of Germany
1026-39 Co-Regent of Italy
1027-39 Co-Regent of The Holy Roman Empire
1032-39 Co-Regent of Bourgogne
The daughter and heiress of Duke Hermann II von Schwaben and Gerberga de Bourgogne, she reigned after the death of her second husband, Duke Ernst I von Schwaben during the minority of their son, Ernst II, until she was removed from the regency because she and Ernst I was too closely related according to the Canon Law. She later married Konrad II, and she was crowned Queen of Germany, and Holy Roman Empress. The sources indicates that she was a vivid participant in the affairs of the realm and took part in the Imperial Councils and acted as joint regent of her husband, and it was trough her intervention that her relative, Rudolf III of Burgundy transferred the succession to his realm to her husband. She was also interested in the affairs of the church and intervened in the appointments of Bishops and Princely Abbots and participated in various synods. She was not at good terms with her son, Heinrich III, and therefore she was less influential after Konrad's death. She lived (989-1043).

Around 1015-42 Governor Princess Akkadevi, of a Province in Karnataka
She was sister of the Calukya king Jayasinha II. She fought battles and superintended sieges.

Until 1016 Queen Sri Ajnadevi of Bali (Indonesia)
Not much is known of Bali during the period when Indian traders brought Hinduism to the Indonesian Archipelago. The earliest records found in Bali, stone inscriptions, date from around the 9th century AD and by that time Bali had already developed many similarities to the island you find today. Rice was grown with the help of a complex irrigation system probably very like that employed now. 

1017-27 Regent Abbess Urraca Garciez de Covarrubias of Castilla (Spain)
The Abbess of Covarrubias, she ruled jointly with bishop Pedro of Burgos during the minority of her nephew, Count Garcia II (1110-17-29), after her brother, Sancho had been killed. She was daughter of Cout Carcia I.

1018-24 Regent Dowager Countess Ermessenda de Carasconne of Barcelona (Spain)
1035-44 Regent of the County
During the reign of her husband husband Ramon Borrell presided over assemblies and tribunals, participated in military campagns, and after his death she contuned as regent first for son Berenguer Ramon I and then for grandson Ramon Berenguer I and became the stabilizing factor in the politics of the state. She lived (795-1058).

Around 1019 Administrator Queen Jogabbarasi of the Village of Ajjadi in Karnataka (India)
The village was situated in Karnataka in Southern India.

Around 1019 Administrator Queen Lakshmadevi of Dronapura in Karnataka (India)
The village was situated in Karnataka in Southern India.

1020-23 and 1029-31 Sovereign Countess Adèle of Vendôme (France)
In 1023 she transferred the county to her son, Bouchard II and after his death she attributed half of it to her younger son, Foulques I. He refused his mother's rights to the county, and she asked her brother, Geoffroy Martel for help. He defeated Foulgues and became count himself in 1032. Adele (d. 1031).

1020-24 Regent Naib us Sultanat Sitt al-Moluk of Egypt
Also known as the Lady of Cairo, her name means "Lady of Power", and assumed power after having arranged the "disappearance" of her brother Imam Hakim bin Amr Allah. She had his son al-Zahir proclaimed Imam and Caliph and she became regent. She appointed competent ministers, managed to setting the economy in order and brought peace to the country. (d. 1024).

1020.... Princess-Abbess Kunigunde of Göss bei Leoben/Nonnenberg (Austria)
A socalled Kanonissen or Chorfrauenstift it was founded around 1000 by Countess Palentine Adala of Bavaria. The abbot or provost administered the estates of the clerical ladies, arranged the statues and appointed the prioress. In 1020 her grandchild, Aribo III handed it over to the protection of Emperor Heinrich II, who granted it immunity and raised it to the status of an Chapter of the Realm (reichsunmittelbaren Abtei) - the only one in Austria - and removed the Chapter from the influence of the Metropolits of Salzburg. She was sister of Aribos, and was the first abbess with the title of a Princess of the Realm (geistlichen Reichsfürstin). The Abbess became a Prelate of the Realm in 1242. So far she is the only Abbess known to me. The chapter was secularised in 1803.

1021-33 (†) Regent Dowager Empress Liu Zhangxian Mingxiao of China
When her husband, Emperor Heng (998-1022), who was also known as Sung Chen Tsung or Tseng Tsung, became insane in 1021, she assumed power, unofficially, in the de facto administration of the empire, but someone else was appointed as the official regent, and efforts were made to keep her from the regency for her stepson, Emperor Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63),  two years later. As regent she was able to consolidate her power and govern as de facto sovereign. She held court, with the young emperor, behind the lowered screen. She alone made the final decisions on state policies and delegation of power. Liu left a will stipulating that another palace woman, Yang (c.1033) should succeed her as regent even though Renzong was already 23 years old. Her wishes were not honored as neither the emperor nor his ministers were willing to tolerate another regency. Also known as Chengtian, she lived (969-1033).

1023-59 Politically Influential Supreme Consort Yang Zhanghui of China
The regent, Dowager Empress Liu created a special post for her as huang taifei (Supreme Consort) and left a will stipulating that Yang was to succeed her as regent to Emperor Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63), who was 23 at the time and did not want a regent. She was able to obtain numerous favors and offices for the next three generations of her paternal family. Zhao Zhen continued to listen to her advice and after the early deaths of his three sons the question of succession became a great concern and in 1059, she persuaded him to adopt the son of a cousin who became Emperor Yingzong (1064-1067). She lived (983-?)

Ca. 1024-ca. 1035 Queen Iztacxilotzin of Quauhtitlan (Mexico)
She was head of the Aztec State on the boarder between Mexico and Guatemala. 

1024-68 Governor Princess Akkadevi of Kisukadu Seventy in Karnataka (India)
She was the sister of the Calukya king Jayasinha II (1015-1042). In the course of her rule, additional divisions comprising sixty villages of Toragale, a hundred and forty villages of Masiyavadi and seventy villages of Bagadage were added to her province in Karnataka. She encouraged education by giving liberal grants to brahmapuris and agraharas (both settlements of Brahmins, where education was imparted), of Perur which accommodated five hundred students. She was known as 'Joy of the student community. She was besides, an excellent warrior and fought and won a war against a rebel chief of Gokage. She had a secular outlook and had given grants to Jaina basadis and Hindu temples. She undertook pilgrimage to Varanasi. Like Ajjarasa, who had defeated many kings, a large number of soldiers and chiefs were proud to acknowledge Akkadevi as their ruler, capable and efficient. It is probable that Mayurasarman, ruler of Banawasi twelve thousand Province and Panungal one thousand, was here husband.

1025-51 Reigning Abbess Heylca von Rottenburg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
During the reign of her predecessor the Ladies Chapter for Noble Ladies was placed directly as a fief under the king of Germany.

1027-ca. 36 Regent Dowager Queen Miriam Artsruni of United Georgia
After the death of her husband, Giorgi I (1014-27), she was in charge of the regency for son Bagrat IV (1027-72). The kingdom was invaded by The Byzantine Empire at the time, but their attack was fought off. In 1031 after the takeover of Iberia, she and heir Minister traveled to Constantinople on a diplomatic mission and negotiated a peace, and had her son recognized as full king (Curopalate) and head of the local princes. Also known as Maria, she was daughter of Sennacherib-John of Vaspurahan. 

1028-41 and 1042-50 Joint Reigning Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita of The Byzantine Empire
She was the younger daughter of Emperor Constantine VIII, and succeeded him 1028. Zoë married 60 year old Romanus III Argyropolus and made him co-emperor. The marriage lasted barely six years before Zoë poisoned him, and married the epileptic weakling Michael IV Paphiagonian, who had her cloistered in 1041. This enforced confinement was short-lived as the Byzantine nobles rebelled against Michael. Zoë was released from her confinement, and Michael was himself cloistered in a monastery by the nobles. Zoë now ruled jointly with her older sister Theodora in 1042. Zoë married again, this time to Constantine IX Monomachus aged 42, and both reigned till her death. Zoë was succeeded in Byzantium by husband, who then ruled jointly with her sister Theodora. Zoë lived (986-1050).  

1028-36 De-Facto Ruler Rani Suryamati of Kashmir (India)
Queen Suryamati made judicious selection of ministers and other officials to give public confidence in her otherwise weak husband, King Ananda. He was later made to abdicate in favour of his son.

1029-66 Hereditary Countess Munia Mayor of Castilla (Spain)
She took over the claims to the title after her brother Garcia II was assassinated, and her husband, King Sancho III Garces de Navarra, became Count of Castilla. After he was murdered in 1035 her son Fernando I became king of Castilla and Garcia V of Navarra. She was daughter of Count Sancho de Castile (995-1017) and Urraca Perez. She lived (995-after 1066).

1030-35 Regent Dowager Queen Alfiva of Norway
Also known as Lady Ælfgify of Northamton she was regent for her, and Knud the Great’s son, King Svend of Norway. Her rule was harsh and provoked an uprising which removed her from power. When Knud died she returned to England, and persuaded the nobles to recognize her other son Harald Harfoot as king in 1037 but no records of her from then on have survived.

Ca. 1030-90/1100 Joint-Ruler Rani Kripi of North-Panchalas (India)
She ruled together with her brother, Raja Kripa, over the territory which was carved out of the State of Panchalas. They belonged to a side-line of the family of the rulers of the state.

1031-33 Regent Dowager Empress Xiaohaojin of Qindan (China and Mongolia)
1033-35 Politically Influential
When her husband Shenzong was succeeded their oldest eldest surviving son, Zongzhen (1016-55), she falsely accused the Empress of plotting rebellion with two of her most powerful supporters. The supporters were executed and the empress was banished. She was then named Empress Dowager, and assumed the regency. On New Year’s Day 1032 she held court, received the homage of the emperor and the members of the court and gave audience to the envoys from the Song. She gave titles to her younger brothers and their supporters and they tried to dethrone her son in favour of his younger brother, Zongyuan. But he informed his brother who immediately stripped her of her seals of office and banished her to Shenzong’s mausoleum and took over the reins of government himself. But he was not able to completely remove her power as her relatives held important offices so he tried reconciliation in 1037 by visiting her regularly to pay his respects. In 1039 she was permitted to return to the capital where she underwent the rebirth ceremony to re-establish her position in the eyes of the Khitan nobility. The Song court began to send envoys to pay respects to her as well as those to the emperor. She continued to be at the center of the court entrigues until her death. She was originally named Yuanfei, became Empress Dowager Qinai and finally Grand Empress Dowager Xiaohaojin. She (d. 1058).

1031-79 Sovereign Countess Adélaïde de France of Auxerre (France)
Daughter of King Robert II (972-1031). Married to Renaud I de Nevers, and succeeded by sister, Adele. She lived (1003-79).

1033 Sovereign Countess Alix of Rouci (France)
Also known as Adeleaide, Alice or Isabelle, the county is also known as Roucy. She married Hildouin III de Montdidier and lived (ca. 1014-63).

1033-93 Sovereign Countess Sophie of Bar (France)
Succeeded father of Henri I who was both Duke of Lorraine and Count of Bar. She reigned jointly with husband Louis de Mousson, Count de Montbéliard until his death in 1065 or 1170. Succeeded by son, Thierry II. 

1034-91 Sovereign Countess Adelaide of Turino-Piemont and Aurate, Bredulo, Asti, Albi, Albenga, Auriate, Iurea, Suse and Ventimigha
1060-67 and 1080-91 Regent of Savoia (Italy)
Daughter of Margrave Manfredo II Odelrich of Turino and Bertha d’Este. From her father’s death she was de-facto ruler over the Margravine of Turino but officially she only used the title Countess and her three husbands were titular Margraves. She was first married to Duke Hermann IV von Schwaben, Margrave Enrico di Monferrato and Count Oddone I de Maurienne of Savoy (1021-59). After his death she became regent for their son Pietro I, (1050-60-80) and then for his successor. Adelaide had a mediating role in the fight between the Pope and emperor Heinrich IV, who was married to her daughter Bertha. Adelaide had three other children with her third husband, and lived (ca. 1015-91). Some sources see her long reign as the reign of mother and daughter, named Adelaide I and II, but this is wrong. 

1034-36 Regent Dowager Queen Richeza von der Pfalz of Poland
She was the first polish Queen since 1025 as the wife of prince (since 1025 a king) Mieszko II. She was the eldest daughter of Errenfried Ezzon, “der rheinische Pfalzgraf” (palatin) and Matilda, daughter of Emperor Otto II. Rycheza was regent for her son, Kazimierz I Odnowiciel. She lived (996-1063).

1035-ca. 50 Regent The Caliph-Mother of Egypt
After the death of her husband, the Fathamide-Caliph Al-Zahir Lazazdinallah (1020-1035) she ruled in the name of their infant son Al-Mustansir Biallah (1035-1094). She was a Sudanese ex-slave.

1037-65 Co-Queen Regnant Sancha of León (Spain)
In 1029 Count García Sánchez of Castilla was about to be married to Sancha of León, the sister of Vermudo III, an arrangement apparently sanctioned by the king of Navarra, when the count was murdered in the city of León. Sancho el Mayor of Navarra then claimed the county of Castilla in his wife's name and installed in it their son, Fernando, as the new count of Castilla. After he had forced the marriage between Fernando and Sancha in 1032, those lands went to Castilla as part of her dowry. In 1034 he wrested the city of León itself from Vermudo, who retreated into Galicia, and began to style himself "Emperor" on his coinage. He was killed at a battle in 1037 and succeeded by Sancha and her husband. During their reign the kingdom was consolidated and expanded further.

1039-44 Regent Dowager Duchess Agnes de la Bourgogne of Aquitanie and Poitou (France)
She became the third wife of Guillaume III-V, Duke of Aquitaine, one of the most powerful lords in France. After about twelve years of marriage, Guillaume died and Agnes defeated his two sons from a previous marriage. First she ruled by herself, then later with her own two sons. She married again but her second husband, the Count of Anjou, divorced her after eighteen years. She lived (995-1068).

Until 1040 Dame Abbesse Berscinda of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz (France)
Daughter of Gerhard II von Metz, Count of Elsass and Eva von Luxemburg. She lived (After 1013-40).

1040-57 Regent Dowager Duchess Berthe de Chartres of Bretagne (France)
The widow of Alain III (1008-1040), she was regent for her son Conan II (1040-40-66).

Until 1040 Hereditary Countess Hademut of Friaul (Germany)
Oldest daughter and sole heir of Weigand von Fraul and Willbirg von Ebersberg. She married Poppo I Count von Weimar-Orlamunde. 

1041-55 Politically Influential Noble Consort Zhang Wencheng of China
She was a favorite secondary consort of Emperor Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63) or Renzong, and her power was felt both within and without the palace. Her brother, Huaji (c.1054) and her uncle, Yaozuo, all gained high positions and prospered through her influence.  Her power was unique in the Northern Song Dynasty. Mother of three daughters who all died as children, and lived (1024-55).

1042 and 1050-55 Joint Empress Theodora Porphyrogenita of The Byzantine Empire
1055-56 Sole Empress
In 1042 she reigned jointly with her sister, Zoe, without success. The sixty-five-year old Zoe married Constantine IX, Monomachus and made him co-ruler. Contemporary sources are unanimous in describing Constantine IX's incompetence. They generously ascribe to him all the blame for the rapidly tarnishing glory of Byzantium. The imperial family at public functions and in royal portraits included three women as long as Zoe lived. Aside from the aged Zoe and her sister, Theodora, but also Constantine's mistress, the niece of his second wife, was always presen. On the death of Constantine IX, Theodora, the only surviving member of Basil II's family, ruled for twenty months, and before her death she had chosen to forward Michael VI as her successor. She lived (978-1056).

1042-66 Joint Ruler Queen Edith of Wesex of England (United Kingdom)
1066 De facto Regent
She was married to king Edward. In 1051 her father, Earl Goodwin of Wessex revolted against the Norman influence, but failed, and was banished. Edward started divorce-proceedings, but they remained married until his death, and during the vacancy at the throne she seems to have been de-facto caretaker. They had no surviving children and there was a succession of rulers, resulting in William the Conqueror of Normandy becoming king and it was her who was obliged to hand over the keys to Winchester, the county town of Wessex. She remained in charge of vast lands, but did no longer participate in politics. She lived (ca. 1020-75).

Around 1042-ca. 68 Governor Queen Mailaladevi, the Province of Banavasi in Karnataka (India)
Mailaladevi, a senior queen of Somesvara I of Karnataka, she ruled the important province of Banavasi, comprising twelve thousand villages.

Around 1042-ca. 68 Governor Queen Ketala Karnataka, the Province of Pomnavad in Karnataka (India)
She was another wife of King Somesvara I of Karnataka.

Around 1043 Sovereign Countess Mantsrede I of Joigny (France)
Apparently also known as Alix, she was married to Etienne I, Sire de Vaux before 1045, who lived (1020-48). Mantsrede was born before 1020.

1044-46 Countess-Abbess Hazecha von Ballenstedt of Gernrode (Germany)
Probably daughter of Count Adalbert I of von Ballenstedt and Hidda von Ostmark

1045-62 Princess-Abbess Beatrix I von Franken of Quedlinburg
1045-61 Reigning Abbess of Gandersheim (Germany)
The only daughter of Emperor Heinrich III and Gunhild of Denmark (The daughter of Knud the Great of Denmark-England and Emma of Normandy), and lived (1038-62).

1045 Heiress to the Throne Princess Sanggramawijaya of the Kahuripan kingdom (Java Empire) (Indonesia)
When her father, King Airlangga, desided to abdicate, she turned down the throne choosing rather to live as a hermit. Instead the Kingdom was devided among her two half-brothers (their mothers were concubines). Her father had succeeded his parents, the joint reigning couple, King Dharmodayana Warmmadewa (Udayana) and Queen Gunapriyadharmapatni (Mahendradatta) of Bali, and his empire covered both the islands of Java and Bali.

1046-56/63 Countess-Abbess Hedwiga I von Ballendstedt of Gernrode (Germany)
Also known as Hedwig, Heilika or Hazecha, she was probably the sister of Count Esicho and Uta, who was married to Ekkehards II von Meißen. After the death of Abbess Adelheid in 1043) Emperor III in Ballenstedt appointed her abbess. Her brother partly gave parts of the lands he inherited from their sister to the abbey, and for her family it added to their prestige that she became abbess

Before 1047 Sovereign Countess Adelaide I of Soissons (France)
Daughter of Renaud I and married to Guillaume II comte d'Eu. Succeeded by son.

1047-70 Dame Abbesse Oda d'Alsace of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz (France)
Also known as Ode de Luxembourg, she was daughter of Gérard d'Alsace comte de Metz and Gisèle. The name of her successor is not known.

1049-76 Regent Dowager Countess Richildis of Hainault (Belgium)
1071-76 Regent of Flanders
She was the heiress of her father, Renier de Mons-Valenciennes. After the death of her first husband, Herman de Mons, Count of Hainault, in 1049 or 1051, she took over the regency for her son, Roger. Soon after she married Baudouin VI of Flanders, who became joint ruler of the county. After his death in 1070, her sons were deposed in Flanders by her brother-in-law, Robert. She gained support from the king of France in the fight against Robert, but in the end she lost and only Hainault remained in her possession. In 1070 she married William, Earl of Hereford and Essex, but he was killed in battle the following year. (d. 1086).

1051-54 Regent Princess Neda Dominica of Duklja (Zeta and Travunja) (Montenegro)
The widow of Stefan Vojislav (1035-1051), who had asserted full independence for Duklja after a war with Byzantine. In 1040 his state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to the Lake of Skadar, where he set up his capital, with other courts in Trebinje, Kotor and Bar. He was succeded by his widow and five sons - Gojislav, Predimir, Mihailo, Saganek and Radoslav I (1054-77).

1051-62 Reigning Abbess Machildis of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
The oldest part of the Church of the Chapter for Noble ladies dates back to the romern age. A church was build in 700 on the ruins.

1054-76 Acting Margravine Beatrice de Bar of Lucca, Torino and Piemont and Tuscia (Toscana) (Italy)
1054... Regent of Spoleto
Succeeded husband - and succeeded by daughter, Mathilde, for whom she had acted as regent in Spoleto. She When her husband Bonifaz of Canossa was murdered in 1052 she became regent for the underage children, Friedrich († 1055) Beatrice († 1053) and Mathilde. She had good relations to Pope Leo IX and his circle of reformers. 1054 she married Gottfried of Ober-Lothringen without the permission of Emperor Heinrich III. The following year he deposed Gottfried and took her prisoner, but the following year both she and her husband was given back their lands. After the death of  Gottfrieds  in 1069 she continued as a trusted supporter of her daughter, Mathilde, and she was deeply involved in the politics of the Vatican. The daughter of Duke Friedrichs II von Ober-Lothringen and Mathilde von Schwaben, she was adopted by her aunt, Empress Gisela, after the death of her parents in 1033, and lived (before 1020-76).

1055-56 and 1070-87 Sovereign Countess Mathilda di Carnossa of Spoleto-Camerino and Saluzzo, Lady of Carnossa (Italy)
1071-87 Margravine of Toscana, Parma, Modena, parts of Lombardia, Reggio and Ferrara. 
1076-1081/1115 Sovereign Margravine of Lucca and Tuscia 
1111-1115 Vice-Reine of Italy
As a child she succeeded her father Boniface II and from him and subsequenty from Godfrey of Lorraine, the second husband of her mother, she inherited the extensive holdings and feuds (practically a half of the whole Italian territories) of the House of Canossa and also the domains of Lorraine. She studied weapons and strategy, learning to handle lance, pike, and battle-axe. She was also a linguist, and literate in an age when many nobles were not. She was married to the son of her mother's second husband, Gottfried IV. of Ober-Lothringen († 1076), but after the death of a child, who only lived a few days, she returned to Italy and reigned jointly with her mother, Beatrice. She was energetic in both her military and political endeavours but also very pious and deeply involved in the reforms of the church. In 1077 pope Gregory VII, took shelter at Canossa and it was here that the historic meeting took place and Matilda indeed acted as a mediator. After Canossa Henry IV replyed waging a cruel war, which lasted many decades and caused the feuds of Canossa to be invaded and ravaged and Matilda was deprived of her holdings and power and banished from the empire. Nevertheless she held out in her Appennine forts supported by few true troops; many times she succeded in defeating the imperial militia in bloody ambushes; she continued to support the Church and defend her own domains; she founded charitable institutions, granted self-government to cities which had turned out loyal and allowed the first communes to be established. 1081 at the age of 42 she married the 17 year old Duke Welf V of Bavaria on the urging of of Pope Urban II, but the marriage ended in 1195. She probably participated in the Syonde of January 1097. In 1111 Henry V, who had succeded his father, came to Rome to be crowned; the white-haired and wise Matilda remained at Bianello and sent the trusted Arduino of the Swamp to Rome, so that he could follow and mediate in the disagreement between the pope and the young emperor. The controversy was peacefully settled with the crowning; it was Matilda's firm contention that war was useless. Henry V stopped at Bianello on his way home; he stayed there for three days and before leaving he proclaimed her vice-Queen of Italy. She died without heirs and left her lands to the Papal State. She lived (ca. 1046-1115).

1055-61 Hereditary Duchess Agnes de Pointou of Bavaria (Germany)
1056-62 Regent Dowager Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
1057 and 1059 and 106? Presiding over the Hearings at the Royal Court (Königsgericht)
She was descended from the royal houses of Burgundy and Italy, the daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Poitou, she became the second wife of the German king Henry III in 1043. They were crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Empress by Clement II in 1046. After her husband's death she acted as Regent for her son, Heinrich IV (1050-?) She was not an experienced politician and was influenced by the nobility to part with the duchies of Bavaria and Carinthia, and entered into unwise alliances against the dominant reforming party in the Papacy. By 1062 discontent led to an uprising in which Anno, Archbishop of Köln, took over the regency. Agnes retired to a convent where she remained until her death. She lived (1024-77).

1055-63 Politically Influential Empress Renyi, Qidan (Khitan) (China and of Mongolia)
In 1058, the Khitan tribal justice was put under the Chinese-style local administration and the Khitans were unhappy and plotted to kill her son, Emperor Daozong and put his uncle on the throne. In early 1063 she and her son went on a hunting trip and was ambushed. She took command of part of the guard and fought off the attackers; all the rebels were executed, but to reassert his legitimacy as ruler he was forced to perform a traditional "rebirth" ceremony. In 1070, he restructured the legal system to reflect the differences in Chinese and Liao customs

1056/63-ca. 1118 Countess-Abbess Hedwig III von Stade of Gernrode (Germany)
It is not certain when she started her reign.

1056-1116 Hereditary Countess Gertrud of Haldersleben (Germany)
Succeeded her uncle, Wilhelm as Countess of Haldensleben and her territory were incorporated into the Duchy of Sachsen. Married to Count Friedrich von Formbach, who was killed in 1059, and then to Duke Ordulf Herzog von Sachsen (1020-72). She was a central figure in the Saxon opposition against king Heinrich IV, who held her prisoner around 1076. Her only daughter Hedwig II von Stade died 1078.

1057-99 Sovereign Countess Adelaide II of Soissons (France)
Daughter of Rainald I and married Guillaume Busac, Comte de Hiesmes. She lived (1034-99).

1059-90 Hereditary Countess Helwig von Formabach of Formabach (Germany)
Her father, Count Friedrich, had kidnapped her mother Gertrud von Haldensleben to marry her, and Helwig or Hedwig was herself kidnapped by her husband, Gebhard von Supplinburg, whithwhom she had one daughter, Ida. In 1075 Gebhard was killed in battle and Hedwig married Duke Dietrich II. von Ober-Lothringen. She lived (ca. 1058-90). 

Ca. 1059-after 60 Hereditary Countess Ida von Werl-Hövel of Hövel (Germany)
Only daughter and heir of Count Bernhard II von Hövel. Married to Heinrich I, Count von Lauffen and a count Graf von Artlenburg. Succeeded by daughter, Adelheid von Lauffen, who was married to a count von Berg. Ida lived (ca 1030-after 1060).

After 1060-... Hereditary Countess Adelheid von Lauffen of Hövel, Unna, Telgte and Warendorf (Germany)
Heiress of Count Heinrich II von Lauffen and Ida von Werl-Hövel, and owner of a number of lordships and countly rights. Married to Count Adolf II von Berg (ca 1035-90) and Count Friedrich I von Sommerschhenburg (d. 1120).

1060-? Regent Dowager Queen Anne de Kiev of France
After the death of her husband, Henri I, she reigned jointly with Baudouin V of Flanders in the name of her son, Philippe I. Her subsequent marriage to Raoul, Comte de Valois caused a scandal, since he was already married. He was excommunicated, and she died in a convent. She was daughter of Jarosla Vladimirovich of Kiev and Indegard of Norway, and lived (1051-89).

Ca. 1060-1124 Hereditary Countess Beatrix of Rihpoldisperga (Germany)
Daughter of Count Kuno and married to Count Arnold I von Dachau (d. after 1123). Mother of four sons. 

1061-1107 Joint Ruler al-qa'ima bi mulkini Zainab al-Nafzawiyya of the Berber Empire in Northern Africa and Spain (Algeria, Morocco, Tunesia)
Contemporary sources name her "the one in charge of her husband's realm" and she was joint ruler with her husband, Yusuf Ibn Tashufin of the The Murabbitine Empire or Spanish Almorávides, and it was due to her wealth, connexions and good advice, her husband could found the largest Moroccan empire that spread from Andalusia to Senegal. In 1086 he attacked Spain largely restoring the Islamic position there. The Almoravids were Orthodox and acknowledged the Abbasid Caliph. They ended up getting overwhelmed by a new religious movement, less conservative, the Almohads.

1061-69 Regent Dowager Countess Geertruida von Sachsen of Holland (The Netherlands)
After the death of her husband, Floris I she took the reins in the name of her, son Dirk V (1061-71 and 1076-91). In 1063 she remarried Robrecht van Flanders (son of Count Boudewijn V) probably to secure her position against the German emperor Heinrich IV and the two acted as co-regents for Dirk and were involved in wars with various neighboring rulers. In 1070 the county was conquered by the Duke of Brabant. She (d. 1113). 

1062-95 Princess-Abbess Adelheid II von Franken of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Succeeded half-sister (daughter of Heinrich III and Empress Agnes). Apart from her position as Princess of the Empire and ruler of the Ecclesiastical Territory of Quedlinburg, she was also Abbess Abbess of Gandersheim. She lived (1048-92).

1062-64 Reigning Abbess Gertrud I von Hals of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Member of the Countly von Hals-family.

1063-64 Regent Dowager Empress Cao of China
Also known as Cishengguangxian Empress, she was widow of Emperor Jen Zhong (Renzong) (1023-64), and ruled in the name of Shu, who was emperor of the Song Empire (1063-67). She lived (10157-79).

1064-73 Reigning Abbess Chunigundis of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Along the years the Chapter for Noble ladies aquired numerous possessions both inside the City of Regenburg and in its surroundings.

1065 Heiress Jutta von Luxembourg of the Area Around Limburg (Belgium)
The only child and heir of Duke Friedrich II von Nieder-Lothringen, she inherited the Area around Limbourg. Married to Count Walram II d'Arlon and married to Duke Heinrich I von Limbourg (d. 1119). Neither the date of her birth or death is known. 

1065-1101 Lady Elvira of the City of Toro (Spain)
When their father, Fernando I of Castlla (1035-65) and Leon (1037-65), died, he devided his lands among his three sons and two daughters. García became king of Galicia, Alfonso recieved León and Sancho was named king of Castilla. She lived (1033/4-1101)

1065-1101 Lady Urraca of the City of Zamora (Spain)
In the 1070s Garcia revolted against his brothers and sisters and attacked both Toro and Zamora, but was killed outside Zamora. Their mother was Sancha of Leon (1013-67). She lived (1038/9-1101).

1066-72 Hereditary Duchess Havoise de Rennes of Bretagne (France)
The daughter of Allain III , she became heir to the Duchy after the death of her brother, Conan II. Her husband, Hoël Caignard, Count de Cornouaille was Duke by the right of his wife until 1184.

1066-69 and 1069-83 Regent Queen Mathilda van Flanders of England in the Normandie (France)
She was married to William I the Conqueror of England (1066-87) and duke of Normandy. He depended heavily on her and she acted as regent whenever he was absent after their marriage in 1051. With him in England 1067-69 until she went back to Normandy, where she remained in charge until her death. In 1077 the oldest son, Robert Curthose, suggested that he should become the ruler of Normandy and Maine. When William the Conqueror refused, Robert rebelled and attempted to seize Rouen. The rebellion failed and Robert was forced to flee and established himself at Gerberoi. William besieged him there in 1080 but Matilda managed to persuade the two men to end their feud. Mother of around 10 children, one of the last being king Henry I. She lived (ca. 1031-83).

1067 Reigning Dowager Empress Eudoxia Makrembolitissa of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1068 and 1071 Regent
Regent for Michael VIII Dukas and Konstantinos after the death of her husband Constantine X Dukas. In 1068 married to Romanos IV Diogenes, who took title of emperor. In 1071 co-ruler with son, Michael, but was deposed and ended her life in a convent.  

1067-70 Sovereign Countess Ermengard de Comminges of Carcasconne and Razes (France)
She was the daughter of Roger II, succeeded her brother, Roger III and was married to Raimond Bernard, Vicomte d'Alby. The county was incorporated in the County of Barcelona 1067-83.

1069 and 1072-ca. 82 Regent Queen Nguyen Phi Y Lan of Vietnam
She was left in charge of the government when her husband, Thanh Tong commanded the troop in a fight against the Kingdom of Champa. he was very decisive to distribute relief to people in a famine for crop failure and by this, avoid the rebellions and chaos. After her husband's death she was regent for their 6 years old son, Emperor Nhan Tong, she trusted Ly Thuong Kiet to command the army and expectedly, he got a glorious victory over the Sung. She was famous for her domestic security policy, agriculture policy, and looked after the welfare of the people and founded the first silk weaving workshop in the capital city of Ha Noi.  Originally named Le Thi Khiet, she was born as a peasent girl and lived (1044-1117).

1070-1111 Hereditary Countess Ide d'Artois of Boullion (France)
Daughter of Godefroi de Lorraine and his first wife, Doda. Married to Count Eustrache II of Boulogne (d. ca. 1080), and their second son, Godefroi IV was co-count. Her third son was King Badouin I of Jerusalem. She lived (1040-1113).

1070-82 Sovereign Dame Mabile of Alençon (France)
Succeeded father Yves II and reigned jointly with husband Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury (1070-94). 

1070-before 1110 Dame Abbesse Gisele I von Lothringen of Remiremont, St. Pierre and Metz (France)
On 28. September 1070 she obtained the independent political position of the abbey from Emperor Heinrich IV and in 1088 Pope Urban II placed the abbey directly under his protection. She married Friedrich I von Saarbrücken (1080-1135) sometime before 1110. She was daughter of Gerard IV, Duke von Elsass, Count of Metz and Chatenois, Duke of Upper Lorraine, and mother of Simon I and Agnes von Saarbrücken. She lived (1070-1114)

1070-71 Regent Dowager Countess Richildis of Flanders (Belgium)
Ruled in the name of her son Arnulf/Arnold III after the death of her husband, Boudewijn IV. 

Until ca. 1072 Hereditary Countess Richardis in Pustertal (Germany)
She was the heir of her father, Count Engelbert IV im Postertal and Liutgard, and married Count Siegfried I von Spanheim (d. 1065). Mother of Burgrave Hermann von Magdeburg (1080-1118), Archbiship Hartwig von Magdeburg (1079-1102) and Count Engelbert I von Spanheim (d. 1096). Richardis died on a pilgrimage to Spain around 1072. 

1073 Reigning Abbess Gertrudis of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Her background is not known.

1074/88-89 Reigning Abbess Eilika von Northeim of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Daughter of Count Otto von Northeim and Richenza von Schwaben
In a list by Paricius a Heylca, Duchesss of Franken, is named as Abbess in the period 1088-89, who is identified as identical with Eilika.

1074-88 Reigning Abbess Mathilde I von Lupburg  of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
It is not totally clear who reigned at this time, but a list in the Church of Niedermünster puts Mathilde in charge during this period, followed by Heylca II von Franken, who is identical with Eilika von Nordheim.

1075-80 Sovereign Countess Adelaide II of Chalons-sur-Saône and Beaune (France)
Married to Guy II de Thiers.

1075 Military Leader Countess Emma of Norfolk (England in United Kingdom)
Held Norwich Castle in 1075 when it was besieged. She was eventually offered safe conduct for herself, her troops and her possessions if she agreed to leave the castle.

Around 1076-1126 Queen Regnant Jakaladevi of Ingunige (India)
She was a fervent devotee of Jina, but her husband, Vikramaditya VI, was determined to bring her to the Hindu fold, but gave up his attempt when he was carried away by the beauty of an icon of Mahu-Manikya (Jina) brought by a trader, and asked the queen to install it in her home town, so that her subjects could derive inspiration from her religion. Her kingdom was placed in Ingalgi in the Bijapur District of Karnataka

From 1076 Administrator Queen Ketaladevi of Shiraguppe, Kolanoor and other cities in Karnataka (India)
Married to king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka.

From 1076 Administrator Queen Piriyaketaladevi of three villages in Karnataka (India)
Another wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three villages.

From 1076 Governor Queen Srimadevi of Samkarige in Karnataka (India)
Also wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka.

From 1076 Governor Queen Pamdambika of Tadikonda in Karnataka (India)
Another wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka.

1077/86-1117 Sovereign Countess Gertrude von Braunchweig of The Frisian Margravate and Ooster- en Westergo (Germany  and The Netherlands)
1085 Regent of Katlenburg
1001 Regent of Northeim
1103-1117 Regent of Meissen und der Lausitz
1006-1117 Administrator of Katlenburg
Only daughter of Ekbert I von Braunschweig and Irmingard of Turino and managed to control the territories of her family after the death of her brother, Ekbert II, who was murdered in 1090. Her two first husbands Count Dietrich II von Katlenburg and Count Heinrich von Northeim were also both murdered, and she was regent for son Dietrich III von Katlenburg (1085-1106) and after his death she seems to have been in charge of the county. Also regent for the second son, Otto III von Northeim (1100-01-17). After the death of the third husband, Heinrich I von Eilenburg, Count of Meissen und der Lausitz, she was regent for their posthumously born son Heinrich II (1103/04-23). Many contemporary sources also name her as Reigning Margravine - and a Saxon document names her as holder of the countly rights, unique for the Middle Ages. She was one of the leaders of the insurrections against Emperor Heinrich IV and V who occupied the Core-Possession of the Bruno Dynasty, Braunschweig, and only her forceful leadership secured the territories of Meissen and Ostmark for her sons. Her daughters with Heinrich von Nordheim, Richenza and Gertrud, married the later king Lothar III of the German Realm and Count Siegfred von Ballensted. Her youngest son, Heinrich the Younger of Eilenburg, lived (1103-23). Gertrud lived (ca. 1060-1117).  

1078-... Hereditary Countess Kunigunde von Meissen of Beichlingen (Germany)
After the murder of her first husband, Prince Jaropolk of Turow in Russia, she returned to her possessions in Beichlingen, which she seems to have inherited her mother, Adila, she brought along her only daughter, Mechtild, who eventually inherited the fief. Kunigunde married Kuno von Northeim, who died in 1103. Neither the date of birth or death of Kunigunde is known.

1079 Sovereign Countess Adele de France of Auxerre (France)
Succeeded sister of Adélaïde. Married Richard III de Normandie and Baudoin V de Flanders. She lived (1009-79). 

1079-81 Countess Adeline of Meulent (France)
Also known as Adeliza, she was daughter of Waleran de Beaumont, who lived (990-1069). Her husband, Roger de Beaumont, was President of the Council, appointed by William the Conqueror to assist his wife in the government of Normandy. He was related to the Danish rulers of Normandy and the kings of Denmark. She lived (1014-81).

1080-96 Sovereign Countess Beatrix I of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded brother Raymond II and reigned jointly with husband, Cenule I (Vicount Centule IV de Béarn) until his death in 1088. Succeeded by son Bernard III. 

Ca. 1080-91 Countess and Lady Agnese di Savoia of Torina and Alba (Italy)
She claimed the succession after the death of her father, Pietro I, Count of Savoia, Aosta, Moriana and Chablais, Marquis of Susa and Marquis in Italia, Count and Lord di Torino, Auriate, Bredulo, Asti, Alba, Albenga and Ventimiglia, wich were associated to him by his mother, Adelaide, who ruled from 1034 in 1057.(1048-after 1078). She married Frederic I de Montbéliard, Count of Luetzelburg (d. 1091). In 1091 she entered a convent. (d. after 1110)

1081-82 Regent Anna Dalassena of the Byzantine Empire
Regent during the absence of her son, Alexius I Comnenus, who had seized the throne and founded the Comnenian dynasty, ruling (1081-1118), at the time of war against invading Italian Normans headed by Robert Guiscard. She was the widow of Jean Comnenus, the brother of Isaac I, who had ruled (1057-59).

1081-1124 Sovereign Countess Adelaïde of Vermandois (France)
1081-1118 Sovereign Countess of Crépy-en-Valois
Also known as Adèle, she succeeded her father, Count Herbert de Vermandois. She inherited Crépy-en-Valois via her mother, Adéle de Valois, and reigned jointly with husband Hugues de France until his death in 1102. Together with his brother, Philippe I he participated in the wars against Foulques and was one of the principal leaders of the first cruisade, where he was taken prisonner by Alexis Commène and freed after some years. He returned to France but soon after returned to Jerusalem a few years after and died there in 1001. She continued her rule until her death, and was succeeded by son, Raoul I.

1084-1137 Regent Dowager Sultana Saiyida Hurra Arwa bint Ahmad as-Sulayhi of Tihama (Arabia)
She was regent for Saba, who died in 1197/99 and then reigned alone, though together with other co-regents. From sometime in the 1130s she was the sole ruler. She was succeeded by Sultan al-Mansur bin al Mugaddal.

1084-86 Consors Regni Empress Bertha de Turino of the Holy Roman Empire
Also known as Bertha of Maurienne, she married to Heinrich IV who was king of Germany from 1066 and attempted to divorce her two years later but the marriage was mended by the pope. After he was excuminated by Pope Gregor VII in 1076 she followed him around the realm, and and to Canosssa, where he performed the penance required to lift his excommunication, and ensure his continued rule. . When he was crowned as Emperor, she got the title of Consors Regni, co-ruler. She was daughter of Margravine Regnant Adelaide de Turino (Turin) (d. 1091) and Otto of Savoy, the mother of 5 children, and lived (ca. 1048-86).

1085-93(†) De facto Reigning Dowager Empress Gao De fei of China
During the years 1021-86 Minister Wang Anshi attempted agro-financial reforms. Her husband, Shen Zong supported Wang's policies duing his reign, 1066-85, but when she took over the government during the minority of their son, Zhao Xi, she suppresses Wang's policies, but her son revived them during his reign until 1101, but the reforms failed. Gao De-fei lived (1031-93).

1085-88 Regent Dowager Duchess Sigelgaita di Salerno of Apulia (Italy)
Also known as Sikelgaita, she married Roberto Giscard, Duke di Apulia, and was a close political aide, and always accompanied him in battle. She is rumored to have been involved in the poisoning of her husband. But anyhow, her brother-in-law, Gandcount Roger of Sicilia supported her in becoming regent for son, Roger Borsa. Mother of 10 children, and lived (ca. 1140-90).

1085-1102 Sovereign Countess Euphrosine of Vendôme (France)
1102-05 Regent Dowager Countess of the County
She succeeded her brother, Bouchard III, and was married to Geoffroi Jourdain, Lord de Previlly, and was succeeded by Geoffroi Grisegonella de Bourbon, and initially acted as his regent.

1086-94 Regent Dowager Khanum of the Tanguts (Dangxiang) (China and Mongolia)
In charge of the government in the name of her son Li Qianshum (1086-1139), who ruled in Jingbian/Ningxian. During the eleventh century a Tangut leader achieved independence from China and declared himself emperor. The Tangut state, known to the Chinese as Xi Xia, "Western Xia", was established at the eastern end of the Silk Road, with its western border a little beyond Dunhuang, stretching north to what is now Mongolia and south to the Tibetan plateau. The Tangut emperors and their subjects followed Mahayana Buddhism, which became the state religion. The Tanguts spoke a language similar to Tibetan, but created their script on the model of Chinese. In 1227 the state was conquered by the Mongol army of Genghis Khan

1086-90 Reigning Dowager Duchess Euphemia of Hungary of Mähren (Moravia) (The Czech Republic)
After the death of her husband Otto I, she held the duchy. (d. 1111).

1086-1108 Heiress Judith von Böhmen of Nisangau, The Land Bautzen and the Area Around Dresden (Germany)
The daughter of King Vratislav II of Bohemia and Swatawa of Polen, she was given rich lands as her inheritance and dowry by her marriage to Count Wiprecht II von Groitzsch (1050-1124). Their daughter, Bertha was heiress of Groitzsch after the death of her brother, Burgave Heinrich von Magdeburg in 1135. Judith was the mother of two sons and a daughter, and lived (ca. 1165-1108).

Until 1087 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra Malika Asma Bint Shibab al-Sulayhiyya of Yemen
Her title means "The Most Noble Lady who is independent, the woman sovereign who bows to no superior authority, Queen". She was married to Sultan Ali al-Sulahi, who entrusted much of the management of the realm to her. She also enjoyed the privilege of the Khutba - having the Friday's prayer preached in her name - the ultimate proof of sovereignty. In 1067 her husband was taken prisoner on a pilgrimage to Mecca and she was taken prisoner by the Bane Najah family, when she was released she continued to direct her son's rule along with her daughter-in-law 'Arwa, until her death in 1087.  

1088-98 Queen Sakalendukiranaisanagunadharmalakshmidharavijayottunggadevi 
of Bali (Indonesia)
Hindu Java began to spread its influence into Bali during the reign of King Airlangga from 1019 to 1042. At this time the courtly Javanese language known as Kawi came into use amongst the royalty of Bali, and the rock-cut memorials seen at Gunung Kawi near Tampaksiring are a clear architectural link between Bali and 11th century Java. After Airlangga's death Bali retained its semi-independent state until Kertanegara became king of the Singasari dynasty in Java two centuries later. 

1088-91 Joint Ruler Queen Jelena Illona Lijepa of Croatia and Dalmatia
Also known as Elena or Helena. She was considered a joint ruler during the reign of her husband Dmitar Zvonimir (1075-1089), who had previously been a ban in Dalmatia and gained the title of king with the support of Pope Gregory VII, after which he aided the Normans in their struggle against the Eastern Empire and Venice between 1081 and 1085. Due to this, in 1085 the Byzantines transferred their rights to Dalmatia to Venice. A rebellion against Zvonimir broke out at the sabor of Knin in 1089 because of discontent with warring in the interest of the Pope, and he was killed. She continued rule parts of the country in opposition to the new king, Stjepan II of the Trpimirović dynasty, who nominally ruled Croatia for 2 years. The army of her brother, Ladislaus of Hungary, penetrated Croatian territory in 1091 and quickly occupied all of Pannonian Croatia, after which they were met with some unorganized resistance in Dalmatian Croatia. The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexius reacted by making the Cumans attack the Magyars, which made Ladislaus retreat from Croatia, but he did leave Prince Álmos to rule over Slavonia. (d. after 1091)

1088-92/96 Politically Influential Duchess Judith Maria von Franken of Poland
First married to king Salomon of Hungary who reigned (1063-74) and died in 1087. The year after she married as his third wife Władysław I Herman, who was ruling Duke of Poland (1079-1102). He was not a competent ruler and during his reign, the country's power was broken by the Bohemians and Germans, and it was once more reduced to the condition of an insignificant principality. Together with the Palatine Sieciech she tried to turn the central authority against the opposition of the nobility. In 1093 the Slesia rebelled, and her husband was forced to hand over the province to the rebellion-leader, Count Magnus Zbigniew. She was sister of Emperor Heinrich IV of Germany, and lived (ca. 1054-92/96).  

1089-1100 Reigning Abbess Uta II von Moosburg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Since 1002 the Reichsstift Niedermünster in Regensburg had been placed directly under the king as the other states in Germany, it was granted royal protection and, immunity.

1090/93-1100 Sovereign Countess Etiennette of Province (France)
Also known as Douce or Dulcia.

1090-91 Hereditary Countess Agnes von Rheinfelden of Rheinfelden (Germany)
The daughter of the "Contra-King" Rudolf von Rheinfelden and Adelheid di Turino, she inherited the fief after the death of her brother, Duke Bertold von Schwaben. Agnes was married to Duke Bertold II von Zähringen (1050-1111), and the family's inheritance included large lands in Burgundy. She was mother of eight children and lived (ca. 1065/70-1111).

1090-1138 Hereditary Countess Ida von Supplinburg of Formbach (Germany)
Daughter of Gebhard von Supplinburg, who was killed in battle in 1075 and Hedwig von Formbach, she was sister of Emperor Lothar, and married Count Sighard X von Burghausen im Pon- und Chiemgau. She gave Formbach as fief to one of her employees, Diepold von Lochheim, but she continued to be mentioned in documents concerning the county and Convent of Formbach. Ida or Itha lived (ca. 1073-1138).

1091-1116 Sovereign Countess Almodis of La Marche (France)
She succeeded father Boson II and reigned jointly with husband, Roger de Montgomery (d. 1123). Succeeded by son Boson III.

1091-1138 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra Malika 'Arwa bint Ahmad al-Salayhiyya of Yemen
The wife of al-Mukarram Ahmad (1067-84), she was joint ruler with her mother-in-law Queen Asma. After her husband's death she became ruler in her own name, having the Friday's Prayers said in her name. She lived (1047-1137).

1092-94 Regent Dowager Princess Turhan Hatun of Seljuk Persia (Iran)
The Seljuqs were a Turkish people whose history begins around the year 1000, by which time they were the dominant presence in Transoxiana and Turkestan. They overran the western part of the Ghaznavid Emirate in 1040, and shortly thereafter took over all of Persia and Mesopotamia from the Buwayhids. The death of Sanjar in 1118 signaled the decline of the Great Seljuq Empire, which broke up into several smaller states. 

1093-... Regent Dowager Maharani Mayamalla Devi of Chalukya (Chauleskyas) (India)
Following the death of her husband, Karna Deva, she assumed the regency for son, Siddaha Raja Jayasimmha (1093-1143).

Around 1094 Administrator Queen Mailala Mahadevi of the Town of Kannavalli in Karnataka (India)
She was the wife of king Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, and built a temple for the god Malleshwara.

1094 Participant in Rebellion Empress Eupraxia of Kiev in The Holy Roman Empire
She joined a rebellion against her husband, Emperor Heinrich IV, accusing him of holding her prisoner, forcing her to participate in orgies and attempting a black mass on her naked body. She lived (1067-1109).

1095-1103 Joint Reigning Queen Bodil of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, King Erik I Ejegod. She was daughter of the Thurgot, Earl in Jutland, and her nephew, Asser, became the first Archbishop Denmark. In 1103 they went on a prilgimmage to Jerusalem. Erik died on the way and she did in Jerusalem in 1103 or 1104. 

1095-98 Regent Countess Adelaide de Normandie of Blois, Chartres and Meaux (France)
1102-09 Regent Dowager Countess
Also known a s Adela of Blois, she became ruler of the counties when her husband, Stephen de Blois, took part in the first crusade. He had no enthusiasm for this duty but Adela considered that he ought to go, so he went. A capable administrator, she is believed to have played a major role in managing her husband's lands. Stephen de Blois went together with Adela's brother, Robert, Duke of Normandie. In 1099, Stephen returned to France but was forced by Adela to return to the East, where he was killed in the battle of Ramleh in 1102. Adeleide continued as Regent during the minority of her sons and was increasingly active in public life. She made her son Thibaud her successor in 1109 and entered a convent in the diocese of Autun. Here she continued to wield an important influence in public and clerical affairs. She was daughter of William the Conqueror of England and one of her sons was Stephen de Blois, who derived his claims to the kingdom of England through her. She lived (ca. 1062-1138).

1095-1103 Princess-Abbess Eilika of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Her background is not known, but she was possible member of the Billung-family, and was mentioned as Dechaness in 1069 . The source of her tenure is an inscription on a coin.

1096-1112 Co-Reigning Countess Tarasa of Portugal 
1112-28 Regent Dowager Countess
An illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile and León. In 1094, she married Enrico de Bourgogne while on crusade in Iberia against the Moors. The County of Portugal was part of her dowry, establishing Henry as Count of Portugal, first as a vassal of her father, who Alfonso VI died in 1109, leaving everything to her sister, Urraca of Castile, Enrico invaded León, hoping to add it to his lands. When he died in 1112, she was left to deal with the mess as regent for son Afonso I of Portugal (Afonso Henriques) and governed her land that had only recently been reconquered from the Moors and only as far as the Mondego River. In 1116, in an effort to expand the land that would descend to her son (who later became the first King of Portugal), she fought her half-sister, Queen Urraca. They fought again in 1120. In 1121, she was besieged and captured at Lanhoso. A negotiated peace was coordinated with aid from the Archbishops of Santiago de Compostela and Braga. The terms included that she would go free and hold the county of Portugal as a fief of León. She tried to retain the rule of the county, even after her son's majority. Over the course of five years, she lavished wealth and titles on her lover, Fernando Peres, Count of Trava. These actions estranged her other son (who was the Archbishop of Braga) and the nobles, who were mostly foreign crusaders. By 1128, her sons and the nobles named Afonso as sole ruler. He defeated her troops near Guimarães and took her prisoner. She was deposed and exiled (some sources say to a convent, other say with Fernando Peres). She lived (1080-1130).

1096-1100 Regent Countess Clementia de Bourgogne of Flanders (Belgium)
She was regent during her husband,  Rothrecht (Robert) II's, absence during the 1. Crusade. She paved the way for the Gregorian reform in Flanders and played a role by the election of Johannes von Warneton as Bishop of Therouanne in 1099. Also active during the first years of her son, Baudouin VIIs regency from 1115, and after his death she supported the claims of Guillaume d'Ypres (Wilhelm von Ypern) against Karl of Denmark (son of Adela of Flanders), who did become Count. Her dowry was one third of Flanders. Around 1121 she married Gottfried I of Brabant, count of Leuven (Löven, Liege) Daughter of Count Guillaume I Testardita of Bourgogne and Stefanie von Llongwy, she lived (ca. 1070-1133).

1096-1104 Countess Abbess Adelheid III of Gandersheim (Germany)
A member of the Imperial Family.

1098-1103 Regent Dowager Countess Ida de Louvain of Hainault (Belgium)
After the death of her husband, Baudouin III in the Holy Land, she took over the regency for son Baudouin III (1087-1120). She was daughter of Daughter of Henry II of Brabant, Count of Lorraine and Louvain (1021-1078) and Adelaide of Orlamunda (1045-1086), the mother of two sons and three daughters, and lived  (1065-1139)

1099-1102 Sovereign Countess Jimena Díaz de Oviedo of Toledo 1099-1102 Governor of Valencia and Toledo (Spain)
She was widow of Governor Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid Campeador) and for a long time she defended Valencia against the Muslims, but in the end she lost.

Around 1100 Administrator Queen Piriyaketaladevi of Three Villages in Karnataka (India)
The consort of Chalukaya Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three Villages. In Karnataka the administration of larger units - a division comprising several villages - was also sometimes assigned to women, if they were found competent.

Around 1100 Administrator Queen Laliteya Devi of Mottiwada in Karnataka (India)
She was in charge of the Belgaum District of Karnataka.

Around 1100 Administrator Revakabbarasi of Posavuru in Karnataka (India)
Married to general Vavanarasa.

Around 1100 Chief Administrator Jakkiabbe of a Nagarakhanda Division in Karnataka (India)
The widow of Sattarasa Nagarjuna, the chief administrator of a division (nalgavunda), who headed Nagarakhanda, consisting of seventy villages and was responsible for revenue, irrigation and the general administration of this division. The king found in her an able administrator and appointed her as her husband's successor. She supervised the work of several headmen (perggade) under her and put through several deals, recovered dues and distributed grants. While dedicating herself to administration, her health failed. She was succeeded by daughter.

Around 1100 Responsible Officer Revakabbarasi of the Royal Household of Karnataka (India)
Her title was Pasayite.

Around 1100 Hereditary Countess Mechtild of Kiev of Beichlingen (Germany)
The only daughter of Kunigunde von Beichlingen and her first husband Prince Jaropolk of Turow in Russia, she succeeded to the fief at a not known time. Mechtild was married to Count Günther von Schwarzburg and was succeeded by son Friedrich I von Beichlingen (d. ca. 1168). The second son Sizzo III, was cont of Schwarzburg and her daughter Bertha married Heinrich von Groizsch, Burgrave von Magdeburg. Neither the date of birth or death of Kunigunde is known.

1100-01 (†) Reigning Dowager Empress Xiang Shi of China  
She was succeeded by Chi, who was emperor 1100-26, and died 1135. It was a time of remarkable advances in technology, culture, and economics, and the Song Dynasty, despite its political failures, basically set the stage for the rest of the imperial era. The most important development was that agricultural technology, aided by the importation of a fast-growing Vietnamese strain of rice and the invention of the printing press, developed to the point where the food-supply system was so efficient that, for the most part, there was no need to develop it further.

1100-1112 Sovereign Countess Gerberga of Province (France)
She succeeded Etiennette, who ruled from 1093 and was succeeded by Dolca/Dulcia I who married Raymond Berenguer III of Barcelona.

1100-ca. 14 Regent Duchess Mathilde-Philippa de Toulouse of Aquitaine and Poitou (France)
1114-17 Claimant of Toulouse
Her husband, Guillaume (Duke and Count 1086-1127), went to the Holy Land after the first crusade had finished in 1099 and took part in the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and some of the other Latin Principalities. She acted as regent during his absence. She claimed the county from her cousin, and attacked the county. Her husband concquered and lost the county two times, they probably seperated in 1115 and she died as a nun. She was daughter of Guillaume IV de Toulouse (1040/45-60-93) and first married to Sancho I of Aragon, who was killed in 1094. Mother of two sons, and lived (1068-1117).

1100-... Sovereign Countess Agnes of Ponthieu (France)
She succeeded father, Gui I, and reigned jointly with husband Roger II de Ralvas, Count d'Alençon. 

1100-09 Reigning Abbess Reichzca II von Zolling of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
During the 10th century the Church of the Chapter, which dated back to 700, was replaced by a new building. The present church dates back to the middle of the 12th century.

1100-18 Politically Influential Queen Mathilde of Scotland of England (United Kingdom)
Also known as Edith or The good queen Maud of Scotland, she was very powerful during the reign of her husband, Henry I Beauclerc (1068-87-1135), and acted as regent when he was abroad. She was daughter of King Malcom III Ceanmera and Saint Margaret of Scotland, was mother of one daughter, Maud, later Empress of Germany and Lady Domina of England, and lived (1079-1118).

11.... Chieftainess Nagasanamma in Karnataka (India) 
She was widow of a feudal chief and inherited the chieftainship. she is described as Mahasamantha showing that she ruled as a feudal lord in her own right.

11... Politically Influential Countess Gertruda of Guines in Wales (United Kingdom)
She was a Welsh revolutionary who raised an army to rebel against the oppressive regime of King John. She was captured on the battlefield and died as his prisoner.

1100 Army Leader Maude de Valerie in Wales (United Kingdom)
Another Welsh revolutionary. She was also captured on the battlefield and died as John's prisoner.

1101-12 Regent Dowager Queen Adelisa di Savona of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1101-1118 Sovereign Countess of Salona
Widow of Roger I, she was a very efficient and successful regent for the sons Simon and Roger II. After having handed over the government to Roger, she travelled to Jerusalem and married Bodouin I, but it was not a success and they divorced in 1117 where after she returned to Sicilia. She lived (1072-1118).

1101-1126 Politically Influential Queen Swatawa of Poland of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Also known as Świętosława, she was influential during the reign of her two sons. Her husband's oldest son, Bretislav II, succeeded his father Vratslav II, Duke in Olmütz (1055-56)+(1058-61), Duke of Bohemia (1061-85), King of Bohemia (1085-92), as Duke of Bohemia. He was killded, and succeeded by her oldest son, Borzivoy II, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1099-1100) and of Bohemia (1101-07) and (1117-20) and the second, Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia (1109-17) and (1120-25). She was daughter of prince Kazimierz I Odnowiciel of Poland and Dobroniega Maria, mother of 5 children, and (lived 1046/48-1126).  

1103-26 Princess-Abbess Agnes I of Poland of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Daughter of Duke Wladislaw of Poland and Judith, the daughter of Emperor Heinrich III of Germany.

1104-30 Joint Reigning Queen Margrethe Fredkulla of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, Niels, and considered to be the strongest of the two. She is described her as vise, clever, devote and peace loving. Daughter of King Inge of Sweden, she was first married to the Norwegian king Magnus, who died 1103. (d. 1130). 

Until 1104 Hereditary Countess Beatrix von Schweinfurt of Schweinfurt (Germany)
She was the only child of Count Otto von Schweinfurt and Irmgard of Torino, and married to the Bavarian count Heinrich II von Hildirizhausen. Mother of four children, and lived (ca. 1040-1104).

1104-1111 Countess-Abbess Frederun of Gandersheim (Germany)
A member of one of the important ruling families of the Holy Roman Empire.

1105-08 Regent Dowager Countess Elvira de Castilla of Tripoli (Lebanon)  
1108-ca. 23 Regent of Toulouse (France)
After the death of her husband Raimond IV de  Saint-Gilles of Toulouse, she took over the regency for their infant son, Alphonse Jordan (b. 1105), but the situation was difficult and she desided to move to Toulouse and transferred Tripoli to her husband's illegitimate son, Bertrand, who left for the Holy Land to claim his inheritance. She lived (ca. 1080-after 1151).

1106-43 Hereditary Countess Agnes of Franken and Schwaben (Germany)
Daughter and heiress of Emperor Heinrich IV (1050-56-1106). Her husband, Friedrich I Graf Hohenstaufen became Duke of Franken and Schwaben and was succeeded by their son, Friedrich II. Agnes' second husband was Leopold III, Margrave of Austria who died 1136. Agnes lived (1074-1143).

1106-26 Hereditary Countess Wulfhild of Sachsen (Germany)
The oldest daughter and co-heir of Duke Magnus of Sachsen (1045-72-1106) and his wife Sofia of Hungary. She was married to Heinrich IX "der Schwarze", duke of Bavaria (1120-26). Her oldest son, Heinrich "der Stolze" was Duke of Bavaria (1126-39) and of Saxony (1137-39). Another son, was Duke Welf VI of Spoleto. Mother of 5 other children and lived (1075-1126).

1106-42 Hereditary Countess Elike Bilika von Sachsen of Kriechen-Burgwerben and the Pfalzgrafschaft in Sachsen (Germany)
Also known as Eilika, she was sister of Wulfhild. Married to Otto von Askanien, Graf von Ballenstadt and Duke of Saxonia (1112-23). Her oldest son was Albrecht I der Bär, von Sachsen-Brandenburg, who was Count of Ballenstedt, Lord of the Mark Lausitz, Margrave of Saxony (1124-38), Duke of Saxony (1137-41), Margrave of Brandenburg (1140-70) and Margrave von Stade, Count of von Aschersleben. Her second child was Segfried I, Count von Orlamünde and Count Palentine bei Rhein. Elike lived (1080-1142).

Around 1107 Rani Regant Hamun of Sindh (India)
In succession to King Singhar, who ruled (Ca. 1092-ca. 1107)
 
1107-24 Regent Dowager Sultana of the Seljuk-Principality of Malatya in Anatolia (Turkey)
Widow of Sultan Kilj Arslan, and married to three Turkish chiefs in succession who acted as guardians of her son, Sultan Tughril Arslan. In 1124 the principality was concord by the Danishmendide-Turks. 

1107-09 Sovereign Countess Ide-Raymonde of Lyonnais and Forez (France)
Her brother, Guillaume III was count (1079-97) and was succeeded by a number of male relatives until she inherited the county. She was widow of Guy-Raymond d'Albon, count Forez.

1107-57 Dame Maud FitzHamon of Gloucester, Glamorgan and Eurecy et Ste. Scolasse-sur-Sarthe (United Kingdom and Normandy)
Her husband, Robert FitzRoy, son of Henry I of England, was given title of Earl of Gloucester in 1121. He died 1147. Mother of 8 sons and a daughter. Her grand-daughter Isabella, was 3rd. Countess of Gloucester from 1183. Maud (d. 1157).

1109-29 Queen Regnant Urraca I Alfonsez of Castilla and Léon (Spain)
In 1107 she reigned over her Dowry Galicia and Zamora after the death of her first husband Count Raimond de Bourgogne. The following year she inherited the throne from her father Alfonso VI Fernandez of Castile and Leon (1040-1109). Her second marriage in the year 1109 to Alfonso I Perez de Aragon (d. 1134) ended in divorce in 1114. Her reign was disturbed by strife among the powerful nobles and especially by constant warfare with her husband, who had seized her lands. She never remarried, though she took several lovers. Another thorn in her side was her half-sister, Tarasa of Portugal and her husband, Enrique, who allied with her estranged husband, then betrayed him when a better offer came from Urraca's court. After her brother-in-law's death in 1112, her sister still contested ownership of lands. With the aid of her son, Alfonso Raimúndez, Urraca was able to win back much of her domain and ruled successfully until her death. According to the Chronicon Compostellanum, she died in childbirth in 1126. The father was her lover, Count Pedro González of Lara. She was succeeded by her legitimate son, Alfonso VII Raymundez of Castile and Leon "Imperator totus Hispaniae" (d. 1157), She lived (1082-1128/29).

1109 Reigning Abbess Mathilde I of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
The territories of the Benedictine Abbey for ladies of noble birth were situated in Limbourg. It is not known, how long she was in office.

1109-16 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
The third of her countly family to lead the chapter and territory.

1110-ca. 26 Sovereign Countess Eremburge of Maine (France)
She succeeded her father, Helie de la Fleche, Count of Maine by-the-right of his wife, Paula de Maine, and co-reigned with husband Foulques d'Anjou who died in 1142. Her daughter, Mathilde, was given the county of Maine upon her marriage to William of Wales, who died 1120, and when Mathilde entered a convent, her son, Helie, became Count of Maine. Eremburge lived (ca. 1090-ca. 1126).

Before 1110-14 Dame Abbesse Gisèle II of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz (France)
She probably succeeded Gisèle I, who resigned sometime before 1110.

From 1111 Regent Dowager Duchess Adela de Flanders of Apulia (Italy)
Also known as Ailanda of Apuglia, she was heiress of Robert I the Fries of Flanders. First married King Knud III of Denmark, and after his death Roger  of Apulia, and after his deth, she ruled in the name of their son Guillaume II (Ca. 1095-1127). Her oldest son was Carel I. of Flanders (ca. 10851127), who was killed. She lived (Ca. 1064-1115).

From 1111 Regent Dowager Princess Constance de France of Antiochia (Syria)
Widow of Bohemond I d'Hauteville of Antiochiaia and Taranto, she ruled in the name of her son Bohemond II (1107/09-1130). At some point she was taken prisoner by Grimoald, Lord of Bary, until Pope Calixt II managed to have her released in 1120. The daughter of King Philippe I of France (1053-60-1108), she divorced her first husband Hugues I de BLois of Troyes, and lived (1078-1124/26).

1111-25 Countess-Abbess Agnes I of Gandersheim (Germany)
The niece of Emperor Heinrich IV, she was the last Abbess from the Imperial family, and lived (1091-1125)

1112-30 Sovereign Countess Dulcia I of Province (France)
Successor of Countess Gerberga, she was married to count Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona (1086-1131) and succeeded by son, Raymond Berenguer IV and II the Saint of Barcelona and Province.

1113... Politically Influential Dowager Countess Palantine Gertrud von Nordheim of Rhein
1149-65 Administrator of Bentheim and Rheineck (Germany)
After her first husband, Count Siegfred von Ballenstedt, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein was killed in battle, she fought for the inheritance of their sons Count Siegfried zu Orlamünde (d. 1124) and Wilhelm, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (d. 1140), aided by her second husband, Count Otto von Rheineck (d. 1150). Her third son Otto II von Rheineck was killed in 1149, and therefore she administered his inheritance as her own fiefs until her death, and had nothing more to do with the County Palantine by the Rhine. She managed to have her daughter Sophie named Heiress of the County of Bentheim. Gertrud was daughter of Heinrich the Fat of Northeim and Gertrud von Braunschweig, sister of Empress Richenza, and lived (ca. 11190-before 1165). 

1114-1161/4 Dame Abbesse Judith I de Lorraine of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz 
1139-1161/4 Dame Abbesse of St. Pierre and Metz (France)
Daughter of Thierry II of Lorraine and Hedwig von Formbach.

1114-1161/4 Dame Abbesse Judith I de Lorraine of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz 
1139-1161/4 Dame Abbesse of St. Pierre and Metz (France)
Daughter of Thierry II of Lorraine and Hedwig von Formbach.

1115-49 Reigning Abbess Pétronille de Chemillé of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
A cousin of Abbot Geoffrey of Vendôme she had married into the family of the lords of Chemillé. At the time of her death there were more than 50 mixed monasteries in the order, headed by a female superior, distributed across the region bounded by northern Champagne, Lyonnais, and Aragon. It was the largest and wealthiest federation of monasteries for women in Western Europe.

1116-26 Reigning Abbess Reichzca III von Abensberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Member of a noble family that married into other highranking families such as Hohenzollern and Cilli.

1117-18 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court Mathilda of England of the Holy Roman Empire
1119 Stadholder in Italy and Superme Commander of the Army and Presiding over Courts
1125 Holder of the Imperial Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
1135-50 De-facto Sovereign Duchess of Normandie (France)
1141 Queen Regnant (Lady Domina) of England (United Kingdom) (02.02-01.11)
Also known as Maud, she was married the Holy Roman emperor Henry V in 1114, and acted as his co-ruler until his death 11 years later, when she became the holder of the Royal Insignia until a new Emperor was elected. As her only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck her father, King Henry I, had the barons swere allegiance to her and promised her the throne after her father's death. She then married Count Geoffrey V of Anjou and Maine. He was thirteen, she twenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on. Newer the less they had had three sons in four years. Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, she was not in a position to take up the throne and she quickly lost out to her cousin, Stephen de Blois. With her husband, she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragement from supporters in England though, it was not long before she invaded her rightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country. After three years of armed struggle, she gained the upper hand at the Battle of Lincoln, in February 1141, where King Stephen was captured. However, despite being declared Queen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester, she alienated the citizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secure her coronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen's Queen and laid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed to escape to the West, but while commanding her rearguard, her brother was captured by the enemy. She then exchanged Robert for Stephen who soon reimposed his Royal authority. In 1148, after the death of her half-brother, Matilda finally returned to Normandy, leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, to fight on in England. She lived (1101-67).

1117-45 Politically Influential Empress Fujiwara no Tamako of Japan
Also known as Empress /Taikenmon'in was influential during the reign of her husband Toba's reign. He abdicated in 1123, and in 1129 he began to rule as cloistered emperor. He continued to hold power through the reigns of three emperors, Sutoku, Konoe, and Go-Shirakawa. In 1142, he became a monk, entereing the Tōdaiji Temple. During his cloistered rulethe court was dominated by his three chief consorsts: Taikenmon'in, Bifukumon'in, and Kayanoin, who were his trusted allies, strategists, and friends during various factional disputes that shook the court throughout his lifetime. On one hand, the three women fiercely competed to secure favors for their own children at the expense of the others, but on the other hand they were partners, united by their common interest in advancing the interests of their husband.. She was eledest daughter of Fujiwara Kinzane, and lived (1101-45).

1117-55 Politically influential Empress Fujiwara no Yasuko of Japan
Also known as Empress Kayanoin, she wielded great influence in both politcal and cultural matters, and was a patron of arts and Buddhist learning like the two other consorts of Emperor Toba. She was the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Tadazane, and lived (1095-1155).

1117-56 Politically Influential Empress Fujiwara no Tokushi of Japan
Also known as Bifukumon'in, her status as an imperial favorite gave her access to Emperor Toba, and his devotion to her gave her a great deal of influence. Through her wish to have her adopted son, Nijô, placed on the throne, his father was named crown prince and acceded. He stepped down three years later, presumably at Bifukumon'in's request. Furthermore, friction between Bifukumon'in and Yorinaga eventually led to his exile and subsequent revolt at the side of Sutoku in the Hôgen disturbance. After Toba's death, she became known as Empress Dowager Yoshitomi, the daughter of Fujiwara no Nagami, she lived (until 1160).

1118-52 Sovereign Countess Richardis von Waldeck (Germany)
Married to Rudolf II von Stadet (d. 1114).

1118-34/38 Sovereign Countess Ermengardis of Zütphen (The Netherlands)
Also known as Ermgard, she succeeded her brother Hendrik. She was married to Gerhard II of Gelder/Guelders (d. 1131). In 1134 she married Konrad of Luxembourg and around this time she transferred the county to her son, Hendrik II.

1118-52 Countess-Abbess Hedwiga II von Seeburg of Gernrode (Germany)
During his life-time Margrave Gero I donated Geronisroth, the villages Dörfer Badeborn, Groß- und Klein-Alsleben, Oster- und Westeregeln as well as Gröningen, and after his death the abby and the Provosty of Frose inherited all of his possessions. Margrave Ekkehard II and Meißen und Hedwig von Seeburg added to the wealth by further donations. The name of her successor is not known. The next known Abbess is Richenza/Rikinza, who was elected in 1205. 

1119-37 Princess-Abbess Ida III von Calw of Essen (Germany)
She was born as Pfalzgräfin bei Rhine, and as Reichsfürstin (Princess of the Realm) she had the right of vote in the College of the Prelates of the Rhine, which held one joint vote in Ecclesiastical Bench of the Council of Princes in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.

Ca. 1120-30 Ruler Al-Hurra Alam al-Malika of Zubayd (Yemen)
She was a singer or slave of the king Mansur ibn-Najah (Ca. 1111-23), who was so impressed by her political astuteness that he placed her in charge of the realm's management and "made no decisions without consulting her". In 1123 he was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam continued to govern but she never had the Khutba proclaimed in her name at the Friday night prayer. Zybayd was a principality in western Yemen near San'a, with whom it was in a perpetual state of war. The title of al-hurra was bestowed on women who were active in politics, but did not denote Queenship. 

Around 1120-ca. 60 Hereditary Dame Helvis of Rahmala and Mirabel (Palestina and Israel)
Daughter of Badouin of Rahmala and first marreid to Balan de Cartres, Lord of Ibelin (d. 1143/50). After his death she transferred her possessions to their son, Hughes d'Ibelin, Lord of Rahmala (1132-68/71), who was succeeded by brother. The third son inhertied Ibelin. Also mother of two daughters . Around 1150 she married Lord Manasses d'Hierges. She lived (ca. 1105/10-ca. 60).

Ca. 1121-50 Sovereign Countess Tiburge I of Orange (France)
Succeeded father Raimbaud II and reigned together with husband, Guillaume I d'Omélas (d. 1156). In 1150 they were succeeded by their son Raimbaud III.

1122 and 1133 Regent Dowager Queen De of Quidan (China)
Also known as Xiao she was in charge of the government
in the name of Yelü Ding, who reigned 1122 and later for
also for another relative. 

1122-25 Regent Dowager Countess Petronella de Lorraine of Holland-Zeeland and Friesland (The Netherlands)
The widow of Floris II, she was regent for son Dirk VI 1122-57 together with the Counts of Egmond, Rijnsburen and Middelburg. She was a very able ruler and acted forcefully in the interests of her sons. She funded various convents and also played a part in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, trough her half-brother, Emperor Lothar III - the son of her mother in her first marriage. 1133 she withdrew to the Convent of Rheinsburg, which she had funded herself. She was daughter of Duke Dietrich II von Ober-Lothringen and Hedwig von Formbach, and was originally named Gertrud. She lived (ca. 1078-1144).

From 1122 Regent Dowager Countess Hedwig von Assel-Woltingerode of  Windberg-Ratelberg-Winzenburg (Germany)
After the death of her husband, Hermann I, she managed the government for their minor son, and is always portraited as Reigning Countess the many documents left over from her. She married Count Adalbert II von Bogen in 1123. Her oldest daughter, Beatrix von Windberg was Abbess of Quedlinburg and Neuenheerse (1138-60), also mother of a son who died as a child and another daughter in her first marriage. In her second marriage she was mother of three sons and one daughter; Heilwigm Abbess of Geisenfeld. She was daughter of Margrave Poppo III. von Assel-Woltingerode of Istrien and Richardis von Sponheim, and lived (ca. 1080-ca. 1162).

1123-? Regent Dowager Lady Emma of Caesarea (Israel)
After the death of Eustace (1110-23) she was regent for Gautier (1123-54).

1124-?46 Hereditary Countess Jutta Ida of Werl-Arnsberg (Germany)
1146-54/62 Reigning Abbess of Herford
Only daughter and heir of Count Friedrich I von Werl-Arnsberg and Adelheid von Limburg. She and her first husband, Gottfried II, Count von Cappenberg had both entered a convent. After his death in 1127 she decided to leave the Chapter and married Gottfried von Kuic (Cuyk) (d. 1168) and had her only child, Heinrich I. Graf von Arnsberg (d. 1185). It seems that she went back to the Reichsfreie Abbey of Herford and became an Abbess as Jutta von Arnsberg in 1146, she lived  (ca. 1100/05-after 1154)

1124-44 Hereditary Countess Bertha of Groitzsch (Germany)
Only daughter and heir of Count Wiprecht II von Groitzsch and Jutta von Böhmen and married to Count Dedi IV of Wettin and Groitzsch. Her only daughter probably predeceased her and the lands were inherited by the Margrave Konrad. Bertha (d. 1144). 

1125-37 Consors Regni Empress Richenza von Nordheim of the Holy Roman Empire
1136-37 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court
She was daughter of Count Heinrich von Nordheim and Gertrud von Braunshweig and heir to vast territories. She married Lothar von Sachsen who was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor in 1125, and she was actively involved in the governing of the empire and took part in the Imperial Councils. She is mentioned as the last "consors regni" - reigning consorts. After her husband's death in 1137 she was instrumental in her son-in-laws' appointment as Duke of Sachsen. After his death in 1139, she and her daughter, Gertrud von Supplinburg, remained in control of the Duchy and managed to have Getrud's son, Heinrich der Löwe, appointed Duke in 1142, with his mother as regent. (Ca. 1087-1141).

Ca. 1125-35/51 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I of Boulonge (France)
Also known as Queen Matilda of England, she succeeded father Eustache III, and reigned jointly with her husband, King Stephen de Blois of England (d. 1154) and succeeded by first two sons Eustache IV, William, Earl of Warenne and Surrey and then by daughter, Marie in 1159.

1125-30 Countess-Abbess Berta I of Gandersheim (Germany)
Her background is not known

1126-37 Princess-Abbess Gerburg von Kappenberg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
During her reign the fights between the Welfs and Staufs for the kingship of Germany started and the city was occupied.

1126-30 Reigning Abbess Reichzca IV von Thornburg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Since 1002 the Reichsstift Niedermünster in Regensburg had been placed directly under the king as the other states in Germany, it was granted royal protection and, immunity.

1127-36 Sovereign Countess Beatrix II of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded father, Centule II and joint ruler with husband Pierre I de Marsan, who was succeeded by their son Centule III in 1163. 

1127 and 1129-31 Regent Empress Meng Zhaoci of China
1127-28 Regent in Jiling
She was selected over 100 candidates by Supreme Empress Dowager Gao (1031-1093), to be principal consort for her grandson, Emperor Zhao Xu (1085-1100). She became empress in 1092 but while she was favored by both Gao and by her mother-in-law, Xiang (1045-1101), the emperor was enamored of another palace woman, Liu (d.1113). She managed to escape the Jin, who attacked the capital, and when Emperor Qinzong (1126-1127), was taken north. To gain a semblance of legitimacy the commander Zhang named her as regent for Zheng, who had taken over the throne. Shortly after, she learned that one the sons of Huizong (reigned 1101-1126),had arrived at Kaifeng, and she sent a letter where she declared declared this prince as the legitimate emperor, and retired from her regency. Zhang was thus pressured to retire in favor of Huizong and was later told to commit suicide. 1127-28, she kept control of the North Eastern Province of Jiling after the Song Dynasty lost control of Northern China to the Liao Dynasty in 1127 and moved to the south, establishing the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted until 1279. Two years later, in 1129, when Gaozong was defeated in battle at Yangzhou and narrowly escaped capture, two discontented leaders of his bodyguards forced him to abdicate in favor of his three-year-old son. Meng was again asked to serve as regent. Eventually Gaozong was able to regain the throne and she  retired after having served as regent for 25 days. In the same year, Gaozong sent her with an imperial guard west into Jiangsi so that if he were to be captured or killed a she would represent the legitimacy of the Northern Song Dynasty. She lived (1077-1135). 

1127-52 Queen Nag Ye Hkam Leng of Möng Mao (Myanmar-Burma)
She succeeded Hkun Hpang Hkan and was succeeded by Saw Hsö Hkun Hpa, who reigned (1152-1205). 

1128-31 Co-Ruler Princess Melisende of Jerusalem (Israel)  
1131-45 Queen Regnant
1145-52 and 1157 Regent
The daughter King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d.1131) and his Armenian wife Morphia (d.1129). In 1128 she was designated as her father’s successor and began her reign with him. In 1129 she married Fulk V of Anjou (France). In 1131, they became joint rulers of Jerusalem until he launched a war against her. But her forces prevailedand she insisted on strong peace-terms, which included her admission to the inner councils of the kingdom. After Fulk's death Melisende became regent for her 13 year old son, Baldwin. 1145 was the year Baldwin was to celebrate the attainment of his majority. Melisende ignored the date, easing him out of every place of influence, omitting his name from public acts. Her son Baldwin would not agree to this and once again the Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided - this time between the supporters of Melisende and those of her son. A compromise was reached before open war between the two broke out - The Kingdom was to be divided between mother and son - Melisende would rule Judea and Samaria, whilst her son Baldwin governed all the North. Soon, however, it was realized that the Kingdom could not be ruled in the manner and Melisende was soon deserted by nobility. Faced with this loss of support, she finally yielded to her son Baldwin in around 1152. Even though she retained Nablus as part of the settlement, she retired from politics, though she did remained her son's closest adviser. When her son Baldwin was absent during the many wars that plagued the Kingdom, Melisende was guardian of the kingdom. She lived (1105-60/61).

1128-.. Regent Dowager Countess Isabella of Amboise (France)
Following the death of her husband, Hugo, she was regent for her son Sulpisius. (d. after 1143).

1129 Sovereign Countess Ermesinde I of Luxembourg
Ermesinde became the heiress to Luxembourg after the death of her nephew Conrad II, the son of her brother Guillaume I. She transferred the title to her own son from her second marriage, Henri "The Blind" of Namur.
Married to Adalbert of the Nordgau, of Dagsburg and Godefroi I,
Count of Namur, who died 1143.

1130-1163 Sovereign Princess Constance I Antiochia, Dame of Latakia and Jabala (Syria)
The only child of Bohemond II and Alix of Jerusalem. After the death of her first husband, Renaud I de Poitou (1099-49), she refused calls for her to remarry quickly. Instead she ruled jointly with the Patriarch Aimery, and first allied herself with Emperor Manuel I Comnenos of Constantiople and then with her uncle, king Baldouin of Jerusalem. In 1153 she married Renaud de Chatillon (1125-87), who was taken prisoner in 1160 leaving her with the sole government again. With the help of Manuel - to whom she married her daughter Xenia-Maria (Regent of The Byzantine Empire 1180-82) - she fought off attempts to have her son Bohemond III (1144-1201) installed as ruler with the Patriarch as regent, but when he turned 18 in 1163 the people rioted, she was deposed and sent in exile. Her two other daughters were Agnes, who was married to king Bela III of Hungary and Alix who was married to Margrave Azzo VI d'Este. Constance lived (1126-1163/67).

1130-36 Regent Princess Alice of Jerusalem of Antiochia (Syria)
1130-after 37 Dame of Latakia and Jabala
Regent for daughter Constance, against the oppsition of the nobles and other pretenders to the regency after the death of her husband Boemond II. After her daughter's marriage she withdrew to her dorwy. Alice was daughter of King Badouin II and Morphia de Meltiene and sister of Queen Melisende. She lived (1108-after 37).

Around 1130 Sovereign Countess Margaret Håkonsdatter of Orkney (England in United Kingdom)
Daughter of Håkon Pålson (1103-22) and Helga Maddannsdatter, daughter of the Count of Caithnes, and first married to Maddad/Madoch, Earl of Athol, and secondly Erland "the Young" Haraldsson in 1134 amd she ruled jointly with both husbands of parts of the Orkney Islands. Her son, Harald Maddadson, was Earl (1139-1206). She was (b. ca. 1108).

Around 1130-after 1147 Hereditary Countess Agnes of Saarbrücken (Germany)
She married Frederick II Hohenstaufen, Duke of Schwaben und Franken, who lived (Ca. 1090-1147) as his second wife. Apparently mother of Judith (1135-91), who married Ludwig II of Thüringen (1128-72). Agnes (d. after 1147).

1130-36 Reigning Abbess Heylca III von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Followed on the post by Kunigunde II von Kirchberg.

1130-52 Countess-Abbess Luitgard I of Gandersheim (Germany)
She reformed the convents of Clus and Brunshausen, which belonged to the chapter. In 1148 a Princly Assembly (Fürstentag) took place in the territory.

1131-41 De-facto Ruler Queen Helene of Serbia of Hungary
1141-... Regent of the Kingdom
Influential during the reign of her husband Beta II the Blind, and after his death she assumed the regency for son, Geza II (1130-41-61).

1132-72 Sovereign Countess Beatrix of Maguelone de Susbstancion et de Melgueil (France)
Malegone was a county on the Lancedoc coast of Bretagne. It was a pontific fief under the sovereignty of the Pope in Avignon.

1136-77 Reigning Baroness Mahilde van Saffenberg of 'S-Hertogenrade (The Netherlands)
Followed Adolf (1109-36-58) as ruler of the small barony largely within the southern end of the Dutch panhandle extending south along the east bank of the Maas River. The bulk of Baronial territory lies just west and north of the German city of Aachen - a few tiny baronial districts lie within what is now Germany. She married Henry II, Duke of Limburg, who was in charge of the Barony until 1167.

1136-70 Politically Influential Queen Ingrid Ragnvaldsdatter of Norway
She left her mark on the political struggles in Norway in the mid-12th century, during the period known as the Norwegian civil wars, a series of wars about the succession to the throne, lasting from 1130 to 1240, interrupted by shorter periods of peace. With her first husband, Henrik "Skadelår", a member of a sideline of the Danish royal family, she had several sons who later played a part in Danish and Swedish history. She tried to break out of this marriage and run off with a lover, but in 1134 her husband was killed. Then she married the Irish-born Norwegian king Harald IV Gille, who came to Norway in the late 1120s claiming to be a natural son of Magnus III "Barefeet" and had one son, Inge. When her husband was murdered in 1136 (by yet another man claiming to be a son of Magnus III), she had her one year-old son proclaimed as king. He shared the throne with his half-brother Sigurd II "Munn", an illegitimate son of Harald IV (one or two years older) The church supported Inge, since he was legitimate. From 1142, the two half-brothers had to share the throne with yet half-brother Øystein II, who came from Ireland claiming to be an illegitimate son whom Harald IV. The three half-brothers reigned together peacefully at first, but in 1155, Sigurd was murdered, presumably on orders from either Ingrid or her son Inge, and two years later, Øystein was also killed. But their side of the conflict came up with another candidate for the throne, Håkon II "Herdebrei", who was allegedly a son whom Sigurd had fathered when he was only about 14 or 15. After her son was killed in a battle in 1161, Ingrid and her natural son Orm joined forces with the powerful Erling Skakke, who was married to Princess Kristin, a daughter of old King Sigurd I. Their 5 year-old son Magnus now became the new candidate for the throne, and in 1163, the 7 year-old Magnus V Erlingsson was crowned in Bergen, which helped to strengthen his position. Ingrid was the daughter of Ragnvald Ingesson, a son of the Swedish King Inge the Elder, and her numerous marital and extra-marital connections produced numerous offspring (d. 1170).

1136-77 Reigning Abbess Kunigunde II von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Elected to succeed Heylca III von Kirchberg.

1136-79 Political Advisor Abbess Hildegard of Bingen (Germany)
She was founder and leader of two monasteries, preacher, visionary, theologian, prophet, exorcist, hagiographer, correspondent to emperors, kings, popes, abbots, abbesses, and numerous others, poet, composer, performer, creator of a new language and a new alphabet, natural historian, healer, author of the world's first morality play, confidant, spiritual and political advisor, and more. She was born to a noble family, was educated in a convent from the age of seven by Benedictine nuns at Disibodenberg, near Bingen, near the present-day town of Mainz. At age 43 she became abbess of her community, a position whose responsibilities did not keep her from pursuing an astonishing variety of creative and scholarly accomplishments. Her chants are rich in mystical images, and her melodies are elaborate, with florid melodic contours, ornamented inflections, and wide ranges. She lived (1098-1179).

1137-63 Queen Regnant Petronilla I of Aragón (Spain)
1163-69 Regent of Arágon and Barcelona
Succeeded father, Ramiro II the Monk. She married Count Berenguer IV of Barcelona, who did not become joint-regent. In 1163 she abdicated in favour of her son, Alfonso II. and continued as his regent, and even after he came of age she continued to control the state affairs. Alfonso later named himself king of Aragon and Cataluña. She lived (1136-73/74).

1137-1204 Sovereign Duchess Eleanore de Poitiers of Aquitanie et Pouitou, Guenne et Gascongne (France)
1155, 1158 1160, 1189-91, 1192 and 1199 Regent of England 
1165-66 Regent of Normandie
The daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine, she married Louis IV of France in 1137 shortly before his accession to the throne. She accompanied him on the Second Crusade (1147–49). Eleanor bore Louis two daughters, but in 1152 their marriage was annulled. Soon afterward Eleanor married the 11 year younger Henry, duke of Normandy and count of Anjou, uniting her vast possessions with those of her husband. Louis VII feared this powerful combination, and when Henry ascended the English throne in 1154, the stage was set for a long struggle between the English and French kings. Eleanor bore Henry three daughters and five sons. Because of Henry's infidelities, especially his relationship with Rosamond, Eleanor's relations with her husband grew strained, and in 1170 she established a court of her own at Poitiers. She supported her sons in their unsuccessful revolt against Henry in 1173 and was held in confinement by Henry until 1185. Her efforts helped Richard secure the throne in 1189. While Richard was on the Third Crusade and later held captive in Europe (1190–94), Eleanor was active in forestalling the plots against him by his brother John and in collecting the ransom for his release. She brought about a reconciliation between the two brothers, and on Richard's death in 1199 she supported John's claims to the throne over those of Arthur I of Brittany. Eleanor's court at Poitiers was the scene of much artistic activity and was noted for its cultivation of courtly manners and the concept of courtly love. The first three times she was regent during her husband's stay in his French possessions. She was also regent for mother-in-law, Empress Mathilde, in Normandy, regent during Richard IIs crusades and after his death regent until her younger son, Count John d'Anjou came to England to take over the throne. She lived (1122-1204).

1137-48 Sovereign Countess Hedwig von Gudensberg of Gudensberg-Orlamünde and Arnshaugh 
1140-44 Regent Dowager Margravine of Thüringen (Germany) 
She was the only daughter and heir of Count Giso IV and Kunigunde von Bilstein. Her husband, Landgrave Ludwig von Thüringen died in 1128 and four weeks later she gave birth to their son Ludwig II. 12 years later he was given the fief of Thüringen by King Konrad III with her in charge of the regency. She lived (ca. 1110-48).

1137-40 Princess-Abbess Emma of Essen (Germany)
Elected as successor to Ida III.

1138-44 Sovereign Princess Salomea von Berg of Sieradz, Łęczyca and Sandomierz (Poland)
After the death of her husband prince Bolesław III Krzywousty of Poland, she received the three principalities as her dowry, and was also politically active in Poland. She was daughter of Count Heinrich von Berg and Adelajda, Countess of Möchental, and lived (1100-1144).  

1138-39 and 1147-49 Regent Countess Sibylla d'Anjou of Flanders (Belgium)
She reigned the county during her husband, Diedrik's participation in the crusades She fought off attacks by Badouin of Hainault, an old arch-enemy of her husband. In 1157 she moved to Jerusalem with her husband and stayed there the rest of her life and remained very influential within the royal family. She joined the Convent of Bethani. The was daughter of Count Fulco V of Anjou-Jerusalem and mother of six children, including Margaretha, who inherited Flanders from her brother in 1191. Sibylla lived (ca. 1110-65).

1138-60 Princess-Abbess Beatrix II von Winzenburg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was mentioned as Abbess of Neuenheersee bei Paderborn  in 1123. She was daughter of Count Herman I and Countess Hedwig, regent of the county from 1122. She was also sister-in-law of Duke Albrechts des Bären of Sachsen. (d. 1160).

Until ca. 1142 Sovereign Countess Agnès de Garlande of Rochefort (France)
She was daughter of Anseau de Garlande, Married to Robert I of France, Count de Dreux, du Perche and de Braine-sur-Vesle, and lived (1122-ca. 42).

1142-43 Regent Dowager Duchess Gertrud von Suppilenburg of Sachsen (Germany) 
Daughter of Emperor Lothar III and Richenza von Nordheim, and heir to the lands of the Nordheim's, Bruno's and Supplinburg's, and first married to Heinrich X of Bavaria, who died 1139. Her son Heinrich der Löwe was appointed Duke of Sachsen in 1142 and she acted as his regent even after her second marriage to Margrave Heinrich II Jasomirgoot of Austria, who was appointed Duke of Bavaria in 1143. She acted under the title of "ducissa and ductrix" and was deeply involved with the political situation of the day and very influential. She died following a miscarriage, and lived (1115-43). 

1142-55? Regent Dowager Countess Lutgardis von Sulzbach of Brabant (Belgium)
She was widow of Godfrey II (1139-42) and ruled in the name of her son, Godfrey III, who reigned until 1190.

1143-92 Sovereign Countess Ermengarde of Narbonne (France)
Daughter of Aymérie II (1105-34), who was succeeded by her brother, Alfonse Jourdain, Count of Toulouse. She was the leader of the French royalist party in the south of the country, which was in opposition to the English. She fought numerous wars defending her domain and was a patron of troubadours and protector of the church. Also a renowned arbiter and judge in complex cases of feudal law. She was married to Alphonse 1143-1145 and Bernard II d'Anduse from 1145, but none of the husbands had any part in the government. Ermengarde resigned in favour of her nephew Pierre II de Lara. She (d. 1197). 

1144-51 Khanum Regnant Tabuyan T’a-Pu-Yen Gantian Huanghou of Qara Khitai (Turkistan now Kyrgyzstan)
Possibly successor of her husband, Yelü Dashi, who reigned as Emperor Dezong 1124-1144 as leader of the Central Asian Khanate – in what today is partly Kyrgyzstan and partly Chinese Turkistan the region Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region/Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. She was mother of mother of Yelü Yilie, who ruled as emperor Liao Renzong in 1151-1164) and possibly also mother of Khanum Regnant Yelü Pusuwan Chengtian Taihou who ruled in 1164-1178.

1144-78 Politically Influental Abbess Jovetta of Jerusalem of Bethania in Jerusalem
She had spend one year of her childhood as hostage of the muslim leader Timurtasch, as exchange for her farther, King Baudoin II. Her sister, Queen Melisende, founded the convent, and she was elected Abbess at the age of 24. Her combinded position of Royal Princess and Abbess of the richest convent in Palestin made her a very influential woman. She lived (1120-78).

Around 1147-56 Sovereign Lady Emma von Rappoltstein (Germany)
Succeeded by Engeolf I von Urslingen, Lord of Rappolstin 1156-88.

1148-56 Hereditary Duchess Berte de Cornouaille of Bretagne, Rennes, Vannes, Dol, Poher, Cornovalles and Nantes (France)
1156-58 Regent Dowager Duchess of Bretagne
After her father Conan III (1112-1148) desavoated her brother, Hoël, she became heir to the duchy. Her second husband, Eudes II of Rohan and Porhoët wad duke by the right of his wife, and her son, Conan IV le Petit became duke later.

1148-84 Sovereign Countess Beatrix I of Upper Bourgogne and Franche-Comté (France)
Succeeded father, Reinald III of Burgundy, and married Friedrich I Barbarossa, who became Emperor in 1155. As Empress she devoted much of her time to Burgundy and ruled the realm rather independently, using the title of 'Domina Dux'. She was succeeded by son Otto I, and lived (1140-84).

1148-55 Sovereign Dame Agnes de Courtenay of Marnes (Israel)
Married to Aumanery d’Anjou.

1148-1203 Territorial Countess Isabel of Surrey (United Kingdom)
Held the county jointly first with king William V until 1159 and then with Hamelin (1164-1202) and William VI (1202-40). Surrey was a small County in southeastern England, adjacent to the Thames and London. It was never a fully autonomous Anglo-Saxon Kingdom, though it did form an ephemeral Mercian district lordship. It was a territorial Earldom (Dukedom 1397-9) during the Middle Ages.

Around 1148 Village Headman Lakka Devi in Karnataka (India)
She was one of the women in Ancient India who held public office. Her title was mahaprabhuvini

1149-before 1178 Sovereign Dame and Countess Stephanie de Bar of Commercy (France)
The heiress of Count Renaud I de Bar and Gisela de Vaudemont, she was married to Count Hugo III de Broyes et Chateauvillain. Commercy was a fief of the Archbishop of Metz and she was succeeded by her son Simon I, who was also Lord of Broyes and Marshall of Neufchateu. Stephanie lived (ca. 1144-before 1178). 

1149-55 Reigning Abbess Mathilde I d'Anjou of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
She was the daughter of Fulk, King of Jerusalem, and widow of William, the eldest son of Henry I, of England

round 1100 Administrator Queen Piriyaketaladevi of Three Villages in Karnataka (India)
The consort of Chalukaya Vikramaditya VI of Karnataka, she ruled three Villages. In Karnataka the administration of larger units - a division comprising several villages - was also sometimes assigned to women, if they were found competent.

Around 1100 Administrator Queen Laliteya Devi of Mottiwada in Karnataka (India)
She was in charge of the Belgaum District of Karnataka.

Around 1100 Administrator Revakabbarasi of Posavuru in Karnataka (India)
Married to general Vavanarasa.

Around 1100 Chief Administrator Jakkiabbe of a Nagarakhanda Division in Karnataka (India)
The widow of Sattarasa Nagarjuna, the chief administrator of a division (nalgavunda), who headed Nagarakhanda, consisting of seventy villages and was responsible for revenue, irrigation and the general administration of this division. The king found in her an able administrator and appointed her as her husband's successor. She supervised the work of several headmen (perggade) under her and put through several deals, recovered dues and distributed grants. While dedicating herself to administration, her health failed. She was succeeded by daughter.

Around 1100 Responsible Officer Revakabbarasi of the Royal Household of Karnataka (India)
Her title was Pasayite.

Around 1100 Hereditary Countess Mechtild of Kiev of Beichlingen (Germany)
The only daughter of Kunigunde von Beichlingen and her first husband Prince Jaropolk of Turow in Russia, she succeeded to the fief at a not known time. Mechtild was married to Count Günther von Schwarzburg and was succeeded by son Friedrich I von Beichlingen (d. ca. 1168). The second son Sizzo III, was cont of Schwarzburg and her daughter Bertha married Heinrich von Groizsch, Burgrave von Magdeburg. Neither the date of birth or death of Kunigunde is known.

1100-01 (†) Reigning Dowager Empress Xiang Shi of China  
She was succeeded by Chi, who was emperor 1100-26, and died 1135. It was a time of remarkable advances in technology, culture, and economics, and the Song Dynasty, despite its political failures, basically set the stage for the rest of the imperial era. The most important development was that agricultural technology, aided by the importation of a fast-growing Vietnamese strain of rice and the invention of the printing press, developed to the point where the food-supply system was so efficient that, for the most part, there was no need to develop it further.

1100-1112 Sovereign Countess Gerberga of Province (France)
She succeeded Etiennette, who ruled from 1093 and was succeeded by Dolca/Dulcia I who married Raymond Berenguer III of Barcelona.

1100-ca. 14 Regent Duchess Mathilde-Philippa de Toulouse of Aquitaine and Poitou (France)
1114-17 Claimant of Toulouse
Her husband, Guillaume (Duke and Count 1086-1127), went to the Holy Land after the first crusade had finished in 1099 and took part in the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and some of the other Latin Principalities. She acted as regent during his absence. She claimed the county from her cousin, and attacked the county. Her husband concquered and lost the county two times, they probably seperated in 1115 and she died as a nun. She was daughter of Guillaume IV de Toulouse (1040/45-60-93) and first married to Sancho I of Aragon, who was killed in 1094. Mother of two sons, and lived (1068-1117).

1100-... Sovereign Countess Agnes of Ponthieu (France)
She succeeded father, Gui I, and reigned jointly with husband Roger II de Ralvas, Count d'Alençon. 

1100-09 Reigning Abbess Reichzca II von Zolling of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
During the 10th century the Church of the Chapter, which dated back to 700, was replaced by a new building. The present church dates back to the middle of the 12th century.

1100-18 Politically Influential Queen Mathilde of Scotland of England (United Kingdom)
Also known as Edith or The good queen Maud of Scotland, she was very powerful during the reign of her husband, Henry I Beauclerc (1068-87-1135), and acted as regent when he was abroad. She was daughter of King Malcom III Ceanmera and Saint Margaret of Scotland, was mother of one daughter, Maud, later Empress of Germany and Lady Domina of England, and lived (1079-1118).

11.... Chieftainess Nagasanamma in Karnataka (India) 
She was widow of a feudal chief and inherited the chieftainship. she is described as Mahasamantha showing that she ruled as a feudal lord in her own right.

11... Politically Influential Countess Gertruda of Guines in Wales (United Kingdom)
She was a Welsh revolutionary who raised an army to rebel against the oppressive regime of King John. She was captured on the battlefield and died as his prisoner.

1100 Army Leader Maude de Valerie in Wales (United Kingdom)
Another Welsh revolutionary. She was also captured on the battlefield and died as John's prisoner.

1101-12 Regent Dowager Queen Adelisa di Savona of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1101-1118 Sovereign Countess of Salona
Widow of Roger I, she was a very efficient and successful regent for the sons Simon and Roger II. After having handed over the government to Roger, she travelled to Jerusalem and married Bodouin I, but it was not a success and they divorced in 1117 where after she returned to Sicilia. She lived (1072-1118).

1101-1126 Politically Influential Queen Swatawa of Poland of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Also known as Świętosława, she was influential during the reign of her two sons. Her husband's oldest son, Bretislav II, succeeded his father Vratslav II, Duke in Olmütz (1055-56)+(1058-61), Duke of Bohemia (1061-85), King of Bohemia (1085-92), as Duke of Bohemia. He was killded, and succeeded by her oldest son, Borzivoy II, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1099-1100) and of Bohemia (1101-07) and (1117-20) and the second, Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia (1109-17) and (1120-25). She was daughter of prince Kazimierz I Odnowiciel of Poland and Dobroniega Maria, mother of 5 children, and (lived 1046/48-1126).  

1103-26 Princess-Abbess Agnes I of Poland of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Daughter of Duke Wladislaw of Poland and Judith, the daughter of Emperor Heinrich III of Germany.

1104-30 Joint Reigning Queen Margrethe Fredkulla of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, Niels, and considered to be the strongest of the two. She is described her as vise, clever, devote and peace loving. Daughter of King Inge of Sweden, she was first married to the Norwegian king Magnus, who died 1103. (d. 1130). 

Until 1104 Hereditary Countess Beatrix von Schweinfurt of Schweinfurt (Germany)
She was the only child of Count Otto von Schweinfurt and Irmgard of Torino, and married to the Bavarian count Heinrich II von Hildirizhausen. Mother of four children, and lived (ca. 1040-1104).

1104-1111 Countess-Abbess Frederun of Gandersheim (Germany)
A member of one of the important ruling families of the Holy Roman Empire.

1105-08 Regent Dowager Countess Elvira de Castilla of Tripoli (Lebanon)  
1108-ca. 23 Regent of Toulouse (France)
After the death of her husband Raimond IV de  Saint-Gilles of Toulouse, she took over the regency for their infant son, Alphonse Jordan (b. 1105), but the situation was difficult and she desided to move to Toulouse and transferred Tripoli to her husband's illegitimate son, Bertrand, who left for the Holy Land to claim his inheritance. She lived (ca. 1080-after 1151).

1106-43 Hereditary Countess Agnes of Franken and Schwaben (Germany)
Daughter and heiress of Emperor Heinrich IV (1050-56-1106). Her husband, Friedrich I Graf Hohenstaufen became Duke of Franken and Schwaben and was succeeded by their son, Friedrich II. Agnes' second husband was Leopold III, Margrave of Austria who died 1136. Agnes lived (1074-1143).

1106-26 Hereditary Countess Wulfhild of Sachsen (Germany)
The oldest daughter and co-heir of Duke Magnus of Sachsen (1045-72-1106) and his wife Sofia of Hungary. She was married to Heinrich IX "der Schwarze", duke of Bavaria (1120-26). Her oldest son, Heinrich "der Stolze" was Duke of Bavaria (1126-39) and of Saxony (1137-39). Another son, was Duke Welf VI of Spoleto. Mother of 5 other children and lived (1075-1126).

1106-42 Hereditary Countess Elike Bilika von Sachsen of Kriechen-Burgwerben and the Pfalzgrafschaft in Sachsen (Germany)
Also known as Eilika, she was sister of Wulfhild. Married to Otto von Askanien, Graf von Ballenstadt and Duke of Saxonia (1112-23). Her oldest son was Albrecht I der Bär, von Sachsen-Brandenburg, who was Count of Ballenstedt, Lord of the Mark Lausitz, Margrave of Saxony (1124-38), Duke of Saxony (1137-41), Margrave of Brandenburg (1140-70) and Margrave von Stade, Count of von Aschersleben. Her second child was Segfried I, Count von Orlamünde and Count Palentine bei Rhein. Elike lived (1080-1142).

Around 1107 Rani Regant Hamun of Sindh (India)
In succession to King Singhar, who ruled (Ca. 1092-ca. 1107)
 
1107-24 Regent Dowager Sultana of the Seljuk-Principality of Malatya in Anatolia (Turkey)
Widow of Sultan Kilj Arslan, and married to three Turkish chiefs in succession who acted as guardians of her son, Sultan Tughril Arslan. In 1124 the principality was concord by the Danishmendide-Turks. 

1107-09 Sovereign Countess Ide-Raymonde of Lyonnais and Forez (France)
Her brother, Guillaume III was count (1079-97) and was succeeded by a number of male relatives until she inherited the county. She was widow of Guy-Raymond d'Albon, count Forez.

1107-57 Dame Maud FitzHamon of Gloucester, Glamorgan and Eurecy et Ste. Scolasse-sur-Sarthe (United Kingdom and Normandy)
Her husband, Robert FitzRoy, son of Henry I of England, was given title of Earl of Gloucester in 1121. He died 1147. Mother of 8 sons and a daughter. Her grand-daughter Isabella, was 3rd. Countess of Gloucester from 1183. Maud (d. 1157).

1109-29 Queen Regnant Urraca I Alfonsez of Castilla and Léon (Spain)
In 1107 she reigned over her Dowry Galicia and Zamora after the death of her first husband Count Raimond de Bourgogne. The following year she inherited the throne from her father Alfonso VI Fernandez of Castile and Leon (1040-1109). Her second marriage in the year 1109 to Alfonso I Perez de Aragon (d. 1134) ended in divorce in 1114. Her reign was disturbed by strife among the powerful nobles and especially by constant warfare with her husband, who had seized her lands. She never remarried, though she took several lovers. Another thorn in her side was her half-sister, Tarasa of Portugal and her husband, Enrique, who allied with her estranged husband, then betrayed him when a better offer came from Urraca's court. After her brother-in-law's death in 1112, her sister still contested ownership of lands. With the aid of her son, Alfonso Raimúndez, Urraca was able to win back much of her domain and ruled successfully until her death. According to the Chronicon Compostellanum, she died in childbirth in 1126. The father was her lover, Count Pedro González of Lara. She was succeeded by her legitimate son, Alfonso VII Raymundez of Castile and Leon "Imperator totus Hispaniae" (d. 1157), She lived (1082-1128/29).

1109 Reigning Abbess Mathilde I of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
The territories of the Benedictine Abbey for ladies of noble birth were situated in Limbourg. It is not known, how long she was in office.

1109-16 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
The third of her countly family to lead the chapter and territory.

1110-ca. 26 Sovereign Countess Eremburge of Maine (France)
She succeeded her father, Helie de la Fleche, Count of Maine by-the-right of his wife, Paula de Maine, and co-reigned with husband Foulques d'Anjou who died in 1142. Her daughter, Mathilde, was given the county of Maine upon her marriage to William of Wales, who died 1120, and when Mathilde entered a convent, her son, Helie, became Count of Maine. Eremburge lived (ca. 1090-ca. 1126).

Before 1110-14 Dame Abbesse Gisèle II of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz (France)
She probably succeeded Gisèle I, who resigned sometime before 1110.

From 1111 Regent Dowager Duchess Adela de Flanders of Apulia (Italy)
Also known as Ailanda of Apuglia, she was heiress of Robert I the Fries of Flanders. First married King Knud III of Denmark, and after his death Roger  of Apulia, and after his deth, she ruled in the name of their son Guillaume II (Ca. 1095-1127). Her oldest son was Carel I. of Flanders (ca. 10851127), who was killed. She lived (Ca. 1064-1115).

From 1111 Regent Dowager Princess Constance de France of Antiochia (Syria)
Widow of Bohemond I d'Hauteville of Antiochiaia and Taranto, she ruled in the name of her son Bohemond II (1107/09-1130). At some point she was taken prisoner by Grimoald, Lord of Bary, until Pope Calixt II managed to have her released in 1120. The daughter of King Philippe I of France (1053-60-1108), she divorced her first husband Hugues I de BLois of Troyes, and lived (1078-1124/26).

1111-25 Countess-Abbess Agnes I of Gandersheim (Germany)
The niece of Emperor Heinrich IV, she was the last Abbess from the Imperial family, and lived (1091-1125)

1112-30 Sovereign Countess Dulcia I of Province (France)
Successor of Countess Gerberga, she was married to count Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona (1086-1131) and succeeded by son, Raymond Berenguer IV and II the Saint of Barcelona and Province.

1113... Politically Influential Dowager Countess Palantine Gertrud von Nordheim of Rhein
1149-65 Administrator of Bentheim and Rheineck (Germany)
After her first husband, Count Siegfred von Ballenstedt, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein was killed in battle, she fought for the inheritance of their sons Count Siegfried zu Orlamünde (d. 1124) and Wilhelm, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (d. 1140), aided by her second husband, Count Otto von Rheineck (d. 1150). Her third son Otto II von Rheineck was killed in 1149, and therefore she administered his inheritance as her own fiefs until her death, and had nothing more to do with the County Palantine by the Rhine. She managed to have her daughter Sophie named Heiress of the County of Bentheim. Gertrud was daughter of Heinrich the Fat of Northeim and Gertrud von Braunschweig, sister of Empress Richenza, and lived (ca. 11190-before 1165). 

1114-1161/4 Dame Abbesse Judith I de Lorraine of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz 
1139-1161/4 Dame Abbesse of St. Pierre and Metz (France)
Daughter of Thierry II of Lorraine and Hedwig von Formbach.

1114-1161/4 Dame Abbesse Judith I de Lorraine of Remiremont, Dame of Saint Pierre and Metz 
1139-1161/4 Dame Abbesse of St. Pierre and Metz (France)
Daughter of Thierry II of Lorraine and Hedwig von Formbach.

1115-49 Reigning Abbess Pétronille de Chemillé of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
A cousin of Abbot Geoffrey of Vendôme she had married into the family of the lords of Chemillé. At the time of her death there were more than 50 mixed monasteries in the order, headed by a female superior, distributed across the region bounded by northern Champagne, Lyonnais, and Aragon. It was the largest and wealthiest federation of monasteries for women in Western Europe.

1116-26 Reigning Abbess Reichzca III von Abensberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Member of a noble family that married into other highranking families such as Hohenzollern and Cilli.

1117-18 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court Mathilda of England of the Holy Roman Empire
1119 Stadholder in Italy and Superme Commander of the Army and Presiding over Courts
1125 Holder of the Imperial Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
1135-50 De-facto Sovereign Duchess of Normandie (France)
1141 Queen Regnant (Lady Domina) of England (United Kingdom) (02.02-01.11)
Also known as Maud, she was married the Holy Roman emperor Henry V in 1114, and acted as his co-ruler until his death 11 years later, when she became the holder of the Royal Insignia until a new Emperor was elected. As her only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck her father, King Henry I, had the barons swere allegiance to her and promised her the throne after her father's death. She then married Count Geoffrey V of Anjou and Maine. He was thirteen, she twenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on. Newer the less they had had three sons in four years. Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, she was not in a position to take up the throne and she quickly lost out to her cousin, Stephen de Blois. With her husband, she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragement from supporters in England though, it was not long before she invaded her rightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country. After three years of armed struggle, she gained the upper hand at the Battle of Lincoln, in February 1141, where King Stephen was captured. However, despite being declared Queen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester, she alienated the citizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secure her coronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen's Queen and laid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed to escape to the West, but while commanding her rearguard, her brother was captured by the enemy. She then exchanged Robert for Stephen who soon reimposed his Royal authority. In 1148, after the death of her half-brother, Matilda finally returned to Normandy, leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, to fight on in England. She lived (1101-67).

1117-45 Politically Influential Empress Fujiwara no Tamako of Japan
Also known as Empress /Taikenmon'in was influential during the reign of her husband Toba's reign. He abdicated in 1123, and in 1129 he began to rule as cloistered emperor. He continued to hold power through the reigns of three emperors, Sutoku, Konoe, and Go-Shirakawa. In 1142, he became a monk, entereing the Tōdaiji Temple. During his cloistered rulethe court was dominated by his three chief consorsts: Taikenmon'in, Bifukumon'in, and Kayanoin, who were his trusted allies, strategists, and friends during various factional disputes that shook the court throughout his lifetime. On one hand, the three women fiercely competed to secure favors for their own children at the expense of the others, but on the other hand they were partners, united by their common interest in advancing the interests of their husband.. She was eledest daughter of Fujiwara Kinzane, and lived (1101-45).

1117-55 Politically influential Empress Fujiwara no Yasuko of Japan
Also known as Empress Kayanoin, she wielded great influence in both politcal and cultural matters, and was a patron of arts and Buddhist learning like the two other consorts of Emperor Toba. She was the eldest daughter of Fujiwara no Tadazane, and lived (1095-1155).

1117-56 Politically Influential Empress Fujiwara no Tokushi of Japan
Also known as Bifukumon'in, her status as an imperial favorite gave her access to Emperor Toba, and his devotion to her gave her a great deal of influence. Through her wish to have her adopted son, Nijô, placed on the throne, his father was named crown prince and acceded. He stepped down three years later, presumably at Bifukumon'in's request. Furthermore, friction between Bifukumon'in and Yorinaga eventually led to his exile and subsequent revolt at the side of Sutoku in the Hôgen disturbance. After Toba's death, she became known as Empress Dowager Yoshitomi, the daughter of Fujiwara no Nagami, she lived (until 1160).

1118-52 Sovereign Countess Richardis von Waldeck (Germany)
Married to Rudolf II von Stadet (d. 1114).

1118-34/38 Sovereign Countess Ermengardis of Zütphen (The Netherlands)
Also known as Ermgard, she succeeded her brother Hendrik. She was married to Gerhard II of Gelder/Guelders (d. 1131). In 1134 she married Konrad of Luxembourg and around this time she transferred the county to her son, Hendrik II.

1118-52 Countess-Abbess Hedwiga II von Seeburg of Gernrode (Germany)
During his life-time Margrave Gero I donated Geronisroth, the villages Dörfer Badeborn, Groß- und Klein-Alsleben, Oster- und Westeregeln as well as Gröningen, and after his death the abby and the Provosty of Frose inherited all of his possessions. Margrave Ekkehard II and Meißen und Hedwig von Seeburg added to the wealth by further donations. The name of her successor is not known. The next known Abbess is Richenza/Rikinza, who was elected in 1205. 

1119-37 Princess-Abbess Ida III von Calw of Essen (Germany)
She was born as Pfalzgräfin bei Rhine, and as Reichsfürstin (Princess of the Realm) she had the right of vote in the College of the Prelates of the Rhine, which held one joint vote in Ecclesiastical Bench of the Council of Princes in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.

Ca. 1120-30 Ruler Al-Hurra Alam al-Malika of Zubayd (Yemen)
She was a singer or slave of the king Mansur ibn-Najah (Ca. 1111-23), who was so impressed by her political astuteness that he placed her in charge of the realm's management and "made no decisions without consulting her". In 1123 he was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam continued to govern but she never had the Khutba proclaimed in her name at the Friday night prayer. Zybayd was a principality in western Yemen near San'a, with whom it was in a perpetual state of war. The title of al-hurra was bestowed on women who were active in politics, but did not denote Queenship. 

Around 1120-ca. 60 Hereditary Dame Helvis of Rahmala and Mirabel (Palestina and Israel)
Daughter of Badouin of Rahmala and first marreid to Balan de Cartres, Lord of Ibelin (d. 1143/50). After his death she transferred her possessions to their son, Hughes d'Ibelin, Lord of Rahmala (1132-68/71), who was succeeded by brother. The third son inhertied Ibelin. Also mother of two daughters . Around 1150 she married Lord Manasses d'Hierges. She lived (ca. 1105/10-ca. 60).

Ca. 1121-50 Sovereign Countess Tiburge I of Orange (France)
Succeeded father Raimbaud II and reigned together with husband, Guillaume I d'Omélas (d. 1156). In 1150 they were succeeded by their son Raimbaud III.

1122 and 1133 Regent Dowager Queen De of Quidan (China)
Also known as Xiao she was in charge of the government
in the name of Yelü Ding, who reigned 1122 and later for
also for another relative. 

1122-25 Regent Dowager Countess Petronella de Lorraine of Holland-Zeeland and Friesland (The Netherlands)
The widow of Floris II, she was regent for son Dirk VI 1122-57 together with the Counts of Egmond, Rijnsburen and Middelburg. She was a very able ruler and acted forcefully in the interests of her sons. She funded various convents and also played a part in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire, trough her half-brother, Emperor Lothar III - the son of her mother in her first marriage. 1133 she withdrew to the Convent of Rheinsburg, which she had funded herself. She was daughter of Duke Dietrich II von Ober-Lothringen and Hedwig von Formbach, and was originally named Gertrud. She lived (ca. 1078-1144).

From 1122 Regent Dowager Countess Hedwig von Assel-Woltingerode of  Windberg-Ratelberg-Winzenburg (Germany)
After the death of her husband, Hermann I, she managed the government for their minor son, and is always portraited as Reigning Countess the many documents left over from her. She married Count Adalbert II von Bogen in 1123. Her oldest daughter, Beatrix von Windberg was Abbess of Quedlinburg and Neuenheerse (1138-60), also mother of a son who died as a child and another daughter in her first marriage. In her second marriage she was mother of three sons and one daughter; Heilwigm Abbess of Geisenfeld. She was daughter of Margrave Poppo III. von Assel-Woltingerode of Istrien and Richardis von Sponheim, and lived (ca. 1080-ca. 1162).

1123-? Regent Dowager Lady Emma of Caesarea (Israel)
After the death of Eustace (1110-23) she was regent for Gautier (1123-54).

1124-?46 Hereditary Countess Jutta Ida of Werl-Arnsberg (Germany)
1146-54/62 Reigning Abbess of Herford
Only daughter and heir of Count Friedrich I von Werl-Arnsberg and Adelheid von Limburg. She and her first husband, Gottfried II, Count von Cappenberg had both entered a convent. After his death in 1127 she decided to leave the Chapter and married Gottfried von Kuic (Cuyk) (d. 1168) and had her only child, Heinrich I. Graf von Arnsberg (d. 1185). It seems that she went back to the Reichsfreie Abbey of Herford and became an Abbess as Jutta von Arnsberg in 1146, she lived  (ca. 1100/05-after 1154)

1124-44 Hereditary Countess Bertha of Groitzsch (Germany)
Only daughter and heir of Count Wiprecht II von Groitzsch and Jutta von Böhmen and married to Count Dedi IV of Wettin and Groitzsch. Her only daughter probably predeceased her and the lands were inherited by the Margrave Konrad. Bertha (d. 1144). 

1125-37 Consors Regni Empress Richenza von Nordheim of the Holy Roman Empire
1136-37 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court
She was daughter of Count Heinrich von Nordheim and Gertrud von Braunshweig and heir to vast territories. She married Lothar von Sachsen who was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor in 1125, and she was actively involved in the governing of the empire and took part in the Imperial Councils. She is mentioned as the last "consors regni" - reigning consorts. After her husband's death in 1137 she was instrumental in her son-in-laws' appointment as Duke of Sachsen. After his death in 1139, she and her daughter, Gertrud von Supplinburg, remained in control of the Duchy and managed to have Getrud's son, Heinrich der Löwe, appointed Duke in 1142, with his mother as regent. (Ca. 1087-1141).

Ca. 1125-35/51 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I of Boulonge (France)
Also known as Queen Matilda of England, she succeeded father Eustache III, and reigned jointly with her husband, King Stephen de Blois of England (d. 1154) and succeeded by first two sons Eustache IV, William, Earl of Warenne and Surrey and then by daughter, Marie in 1159.

1125-30 Countess-Abbess Berta I of Gandersheim (Germany)
Her background is not known

1126-37 Princess-Abbess Gerburg von Kappenberg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
During her reign the fights between the Welfs and Staufs for the kingship of Germany started and the city was occupied.

1126-30 Reigning Abbess Reichzca IV von Thornburg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Since 1002 the Reichsstift Niedermünster in Regensburg had been placed directly under the king as the other states in Germany, it was granted royal protection and, immunity.

1127-36 Sovereign Countess Beatrix II of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded father, Centule II and joint ruler with husband Pierre I de Marsan, who was succeeded by their son Centule III in 1163. 

1127 and 1129-31 Regent Empress Meng Zhaoci of China
1127-28 Regent in Jiling
She was selected over 100 candidates by Supreme Empress Dowager Gao (1031-1093), to be principal consort for her grandson, Emperor Zhao Xu (1085-1100). She became empress in 1092 but while she was favored by both Gao and by her mother-in-law, Xiang (1045-1101), the emperor was enamored of another palace woman, Liu (d.1113). She managed to escape the Jin, who attacked the capital, and when Emperor Qinzong (1126-1127), was taken north. To gain a semblance of legitimacy the commander Zhang named her as regent for Zheng, who had taken over the throne. Shortly after, she learned that one the sons of Huizong (reigned 1101-1126),had arrived at Kaifeng, and she sent a letter where she declared declared this prince as the legitimate emperor, and retired from her regency. Zhang was thus pressured to retire in favor of Huizong and was later told to commit suicide. 1127-28, she kept control of the North Eastern Province of Jiling after the Song Dynasty lost control of Northern China to the Liao Dynasty in 1127 and moved to the south, establishing the Southern Song Dynasty, which lasted until 1279. Two years later, in 1129, when Gaozong was defeated in battle at Yangzhou and narrowly escaped capture, two discontented leaders of his bodyguards forced him to abdicate in favor of his three-year-old son. Meng was again asked to serve as regent. Eventually Gaozong was able to regain the throne and she  retired after having served as regent for 25 days. In the same year, Gaozong sent her with an imperial guard west into Jiangsi so that if he were to be captured or killed a she would represent the legitimacy of the Northern Song Dynasty. She lived (1077-1135). 

1127-52 Queen Nag Ye Hkam Leng of Möng Mao (Myanmar-Burma)
She succeeded Hkun Hpang Hkan and was succeeded by Saw Hsö Hkun Hpa, who reigned (1152-1205). 

1128-31 Co-Ruler Princess Melisende of Jerusalem (Israel)  
1131-45 Queen Regnant
1145-52 and 1157 Regent
The daughter King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d.1131) and his Armenian wife Morphia (d.1129). In 1128 she was designated as her father’s successor and began her reign with him. In 1129 she married Fulk V of Anjou (France). In 1131, they became joint rulers of Jerusalem until he launched a war against her. But her forces prevailedand she insisted on strong peace-terms, which included her admission to the inner councils of the kingdom. After Fulk's death Melisende became regent for her 13 year old son, Baldwin. 1145 was the year Baldwin was to celebrate the attainment of his majority. Melisende ignored the date, easing him out of every place of influence, omitting his name from public acts. Her son Baldwin would not agree to this and once again the Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided - this time between the supporters of Melisende and those of her son. A compromise was reached before open war between the two broke out - The Kingdom was to be divided between mother and son - Melisende would rule Judea and Samaria, whilst her son Baldwin governed all the North. Soon, however, it was realized that the Kingdom could not be ruled in the manner and Melisende was soon deserted by nobility. Faced with this loss of support, she finally yielded to her son Baldwin in around 1152. Even though she retained Nablus as part of the settlement, she retired from politics, though she did remained her son's closest adviser. When her son Baldwin was absent during the many wars that plagued the Kingdom, Melisende was guardian of the kingdom. She lived (1105-60/61).

1128-.. Regent Dowager Countess Isabella of Amboise (France)
Following the death of her husband, Hugo, she was regent for her son Sulpisius. (d. after 1143).

1129 Sovereign Countess Ermesinde I of Luxembourg
Ermesinde became the heiress to Luxembourg after the death of her nephew Conrad II, the son of her brother Guillaume I. She transferred the title to her own son from her second marriage, Henri "The Blind" of Namur.
Married to Adalbert of the Nordgau, of Dagsburg and Godefroi I,
Count of Namur, who died 1143.

1130-1163 Sovereign Princess Constance I Antiochia, Dame of Latakia and Jabala (Syria)
The only child of Bohemond II and Alix of Jerusalem. After the death of her first husband, Renaud I de Poitou (1099-49), she refused calls for her to remarry quickly. Instead she ruled jointly with the Patriarch Aimery, and first allied herself with Emperor Manuel I Comnenos of Constantiople and then with her uncle, king Baldouin of Jerusalem. In 1153 she married Renaud de Chatillon (1125-87), who was taken prisoner in 1160 leaving her with the sole government again. With the help of Manuel - to whom she married her daughter Xenia-Maria (Regent of The Byzantine Empire 1180-82) - she fought off attempts to have her son Bohemond III (1144-1201) installed as ruler with the Patriarch as regent, but when he turned 18 in 1163 the people rioted, she was deposed and sent in exile. Her two other daughters were Agnes, who was married to king Bela III of Hungary and Alix who was married to Margrave Azzo VI d'Este. Constance lived (1126-1163/67).

1130-36 Regent Princess Alice of Jerusalem of Antiochia (Syria)
1130-after 37 Dame of Latakia and Jabala
Regent for daughter Constance, against the oppsition of the nobles and other pretenders to the regency after the death of her husband Boemond II. After her daughter's marriage she withdrew to her dorwy. Alice was daughter of King Badouin II and Morphia de Meltiene and sister of Queen Melisende. She lived (1108-after 37).

Around 1130 Sovereign Countess Margaret Håkonsdatter of Orkney (England in United Kingdom)
Daughter of Håkon Pålson (1103-22) and Helga Maddannsdatter, daughter of the Count of Caithnes, and first married to Maddad/Madoch, Earl of Athol, and secondly Erland "the Young" Haraldsson in 1134 amd she ruled jointly with both husbands of parts of the Orkney Islands. Her son, Harald Maddadson, was Earl (1139-1206). She was (b. ca. 1108).

Around 1130-after 1147 Hereditary Countess Agnes of Saarbrücken (Germany)
She married Frederick II Hohenstaufen, Duke of Schwaben und Franken, who lived (Ca. 1090-1147) as his second wife. Apparently mother of Judith (1135-91), who married Ludwig II of Thüringen (1128-72). Agnes (d. after 1147).

1130-36 Reigning Abbess Heylca III von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Followed on the post by Kunigunde II von Kirchberg.

1130-52 Countess-Abbess Luitgard I of Gandersheim (Germany)
She reformed the convents of Clus and Brunshausen, which belonged to the chapter. In 1148 a Princly Assembly (Fürstentag) took place in the territory.

1131-41 De-facto Ruler Queen Helene of Serbia of Hungary
1141-... Regent of the Kingdom
Influential during the reign of her husband Beta II the Blind, and after his death she assumed the regency for son, Geza II (1130-41-61).

1132-72 Sovereign Countess Beatrix of Maguelone de Susbstancion et de Melgueil (France)
Malegone was a county on the Lancedoc coast of Bretagne. It was a pontific fief under the sovereignty of the Pope in Avignon.

1136-77 Reigning Baroness Mahilde van Saffenberg of 'S-Hertogenrade (The Netherlands)
Followed Adolf (1109-36-58) as ruler of the small barony largely within the southern end of the Dutch panhandle extending south along the east bank of the Maas River. The bulk of Baronial territory lies just west and north of the German city of Aachen - a few tiny baronial districts lie within what is now Germany. She married Henry II, Duke of Limburg, who was in charge of the Barony until 1167.

1136-70 Politically Influential Queen Ingrid Ragnvaldsdatter of Norway
She left her mark on the political struggles in Norway in the mid-12th century, during the period known as the Norwegian civil wars, a series of wars about the succession to the throne, lasting from 1130 to 1240, interrupted by shorter periods of peace. With her first husband, Henrik "Skadelår", a member of a sideline of the Danish royal family, she had several sons who later played a part in Danish and Swedish history. She tried to break out of this marriage and run off with a lover, but in 1134 her husband was killed. Then she married the Irish-born Norwegian king Harald IV Gille, who came to Norway in the late 1120s claiming to be a natural son of Magnus III "Barefeet" and had one son, Inge. When her husband was murdered in 1136 (by yet another man claiming to be a son of Magnus III), she had her one year-old son proclaimed as king. He shared the throne with his half-brother Sigurd II "Munn", an illegitimate son of Harald IV (one or two years older) The church supported Inge, since he was legitimate. From 1142, the two half-brothers had to share the throne with yet half-brother Øystein II, who came from Ireland claiming to be an illegitimate son whom Harald IV. The three half-brothers reigned together peacefully at first, but in 1155, Sigurd was murdered, presumably on orders from either Ingrid or her son Inge, and two years later, Øystein was also killed. But their side of the conflict came up with another candidate for the throne, Håkon II "Herdebrei", who was allegedly a son whom Sigurd had fathered when he was only about 14 or 15. After her son was killed in a battle in 1161, Ingrid and her natural son Orm joined forces with the powerful Erling Skakke, who was married to Princess Kristin, a daughter of old King Sigurd I. Their 5 year-old son Magnus now became the new candidate for the throne, and in 1163, the 7 year-old Magnus V Erlingsson was crowned in Bergen, which helped to strengthen his position. Ingrid was the daughter of Ragnvald Ingesson, a son of the Swedish King Inge the Elder, and her numerous marital and extra-marital connections produced numerous offspring (d. 1170).

1136-77 Reigning Abbess Kunigunde II von Kirchberg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Elected to succeed Heylca III von Kirchberg.

1136-79 Political Advisor Abbess Hildegard of Bingen (Germany)
She was founder and leader of two monasteries, preacher, visionary, theologian, prophet, exorcist, hagiographer, correspondent to emperors, kings, popes, abbots, abbesses, and numerous others, poet, composer, performer, creator of a new language and a new alphabet, natural historian, healer, author of the world's first morality play, confidant, spiritual and political advisor, and more. She was born to a noble family, was educated in a convent from the age of seven by Benedictine nuns at Disibodenberg, near Bingen, near the present-day town of Mainz. At age 43 she became abbess of her community, a position whose responsibilities did not keep her from pursuing an astonishing variety of creative and scholarly accomplishments. Her chants are rich in mystical images, and her melodies are elaborate, with florid melodic contours, ornamented inflections, and wide ranges. She lived (1098-1179).

1137-63 Queen Regnant Petronilla I of Aragón (Spain)
1163-69 Regent of Arágon and Barcelona
Succeeded father, Ramiro II the Monk. She married Count Berenguer IV of Barcelona, who did not become joint-regent. In 1163 she abdicated in favour of her son, Alfonso II. and continued as his regent, and even after he came of age she continued to control the state affairs. Alfonso later named himself king of Aragon and Cataluña. She lived (1136-73/74).

1137-1204 Sovereign Duchess Eleanore de Poitiers of Aquitanie et Pouitou, Guenne et Gascongne (France)
1155, 1158 1160, 1189-91, 1192 and 1199 Regent of England 
1165-66 Regent of Normandie
The daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine, she married Louis IV of France in 1137 shortly before his accession to the throne. She accompanied him on the Second Crusade (1147–49). Eleanor bore Louis two daughters, but in 1152 their marriage was annulled. Soon afterward Eleanor married the 11 year younger Henry, duke of Normandy and count of Anjou, uniting her vast possessions with those of her husband. Louis VII feared this powerful combination, and when Henry ascended the English throne in 1154, the stage was set for a long struggle between the English and French kings. Eleanor bore Henry three daughters and five sons. Because of Henry's infidelities, especially his relationship with Rosamond, Eleanor's relations with her husband grew strained, and in 1170 she established a court of her own at Poitiers. She supported her sons in their unsuccessful revolt against Henry in 1173 and was held in confinement by Henry until 1185. Her efforts helped Richard secure the throne in 1189. While Richard was on the Third Crusade and later held captive in Europe (1190–94), Eleanor was active in forestalling the plots against him by his brother John and in collecting the ransom for his release. She brought about a reconciliation between the two brothers, and on Richard's death in 1199 she supported John's claims to the throne over those of Arthur I of Brittany. Eleanor's court at Poitiers was the scene of much artistic activity and was noted for its cultivation of courtly manners and the concept of courtly love. The first three times she was regent during her husband's stay in his French possessions. She was also regent for mother-in-law, Empress Mathilde, in Normandy, regent during Richard IIs crusades and after his death regent until her younger son, Count John d'Anjou came to England to take over the throne. She lived (1122-1204).

1137-48 Sovereign Countess Hedwig von Gudensberg of Gudensberg-Orlamünde and Arnshaugh 
1140-44 Regent Dowager Margravine of Thüringen (Germany) 
She was the only daughter and heir of Count Giso IV and Kunigunde von Bilstein. Her husband, Landgrave Ludwig von Thüringen died in 1128 and four weeks later she gave birth to their son Ludwig II. 12 years later he was given the fief of Thüringen by King Konrad III with her in charge of the regency. She lived (ca. 1110-48).

1137-40 Princess-Abbess Emma of Essen (Germany)
Elected as successor to Ida III.

1138-44 Sovereign Princess Salomea von Berg of Sieradz, Łęczyca and Sandomierz (Poland)
After the death of her husband prince Bolesław III Krzywousty of Poland, she received the three principalities as her dowry, and was also politically active in Poland. She was daughter of Count Heinrich von Berg and Adelajda, Countess of Möchental, and lived (1100-1144).  

1138-39 and 1147-49 Regent Countess Sibylla d'Anjou of Flanders (Belgium)
She reigned the county during her husband, Diedrik's participation in the crusades She fought off attacks by Badouin of Hainault, an old arch-enemy of her husband. In 1157 she moved to Jerusalem with her husband and stayed there the rest of her life and remained very influential within the royal family. She joined the Convent of Bethani. The was daughter of Count Fulco V of Anjou-Jerusalem and mother of six children, including Margaretha, who inherited Flanders from her brother in 1191. Sibylla lived (ca. 1110-65).

1138-60 Princess-Abbess Beatrix II von Winzenburg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was mentioned as Abbess of Neuenheersee bei Paderborn  in 1123. She was daughter of Count Herman I and Countess Hedwig, regent of the county from 1122. She was also sister-in-law of Duke Albrechts des Bären of Sachsen. (d. 1160).

Until ca. 1142 Sovereign Countess Agnès de Garlande of Rochefort (France)
She was daughter of Anseau de Garlande, Married to Robert I of France, Count de Dreux, du Perche and de Braine-sur-Vesle, and lived (1122-ca. 42).

1142-43 Regent Dowager Duchess Gertrud von Suppilenburg of Sachsen (Germany) 
Daughter of Emperor Lothar III and Richenza von Nordheim, and heir to the lands of the Nordheim's, Bruno's and Supplinburg's, and first married to Heinrich X of Bavaria, who died 1139. Her son Heinrich der Löwe was appointed Duke of Sachsen in 1142 and she acted as his regent even after her second marriage to Margrave Heinrich II Jasomirgoot of Austria, who was appointed Duke of Bavaria in 1143. She acted under the title of "ducissa and ductrix" and was deeply involved with the political situation of the day and very influential. She died following a miscarriage, and lived (1115-43). 

1142-55? Regent Dowager Countess Lutgardis von Sulzbach of Brabant (Belgium)
She was widow of Godfrey II (1139-42) and ruled in the name of her son, Godfrey III, who reigned until 1190.

1143-92 Sovereign Countess Ermengarde of Narbonne (France)
Daughter of Aymérie II (1105-34), who was succeeded by her brother, Alfonse Jourdain, Count of Toulouse. She was the leader of the French royalist party in the south of the country, which was in opposition to the English. She fought numerous wars defending her domain and was a patron of troubadours and protector of the church. Also a renowned arbiter and judge in complex cases of feudal law. She was married to Alphonse 1143-1145 and Bernard II d'Anduse from 1145, but none of the husbands had any part in the government. Ermengarde resigned in favour of her nephew Pierre II de Lara. She (d. 1197). 

1144-51 Khanum Regnant Tabuyan T’a-Pu-Yen Gantian Huanghou of Qara Khitai (Turkistan now Kyrgyzstan)
Possibly successor of her husband, Yelü Dashi, who reigned as Emperor Dezong 1124-1144 as leader of the Central Asian Khanate – in what today is partly Kyrgyzstan and partly Chinese Turkistan the region Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region/Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. She was mother of mother of Yelü Yilie, who ruled as emperor Liao Renzong in 1151-1164) and possibly also mother of Khanum Regnant Yelü Pusuwan Chengtian Taihou who ruled in 1164-1178.

1144-78 Politically Influental Abbess Jovetta of Jerusalem of Bethania in Jerusalem
She had spend one year of her childhood as hostage of the muslim leader Timurtasch, as exchange for her farther, King Baudoin II. Her sister, Queen Melisende, founded the convent, and she was elected Abbess at the age of 24. Her combinded position of Royal Princess and Abbess of the richest convent in Palestin made her a very influential woman. She lived (1120-78).

Around 1147-56 Sovereign Lady Emma von Rappoltstein (Germany)
Succeeded by Engeolf I von Urslingen, Lord of Rappolstin 1156-88.

1148-56 Hereditary Duchess Berte de Cornouaille of Bretagne, Rennes, Vannes, Dol, Poher, Cornovalles and Nantes (France)
1156-58 Regent Dowager Duchess of Bretagne
After her father Conan III (1112-1148) desavoated her brother, Hoël, she became heir to the duchy. Her second husband, Eudes II of Rohan and Porhoët wad duke by the right of his wife, and her son, Conan IV le Petit became duke later.

1148-84 Sovereign Countess Beatrix I of Upper Bourgogne and Franche-Comté (France)
Succeeded father, Reinald III of Burgundy, and married Friedrich I Barbarossa, who became Emperor in 1155. As Empress she devoted much of her time to Burgundy and ruled the realm rather independently, using the title of 'Domina Dux'. She was succeeded by son Otto I, and lived (1140-84).

1148-55 Sovereign Dame Agnes de Courtenay of Marnes (Israel)
Married to Aumanery d’Anjou.

1148-1203 Territorial Countess Isabel of Surrey (United Kingdom)
Held the county jointly first with king William V until 1159 and then with Hamelin (1164-1202) and William VI (1202-40). Surrey was a small County in southeastern England, adjacent to the Thames and London. It was never a fully autonomous Anglo-Saxon Kingdom, though it did form an ephemeral Mercian district lordship. It was a territorial Earldom (Dukedom 1397-9) during the Middle Ages.

Around 1148 Village Headman Lakka Devi in Karnataka (India)
She was one of the women in Ancient India who held public office. Her title was mahaprabhuvini

1149-before 1178 Sovereign Dame and Countess Stephanie de Bar of Commercy (France)
The heiress of Count Renaud I de Bar and Gisela de Vaudemont, she was married to Count Hugo III de Broyes et Chateauvillain. Commercy was a fief of the Archbishop of Metz and she was succeeded by her son Simon I, who was also Lord of Broyes and Marshall of Neufchateu. Stephanie lived (ca. 1144-before 1178). 

1149-55 Reigning Abbess Mathilde I d'Anjou of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
She was the daughter of Fulk, King of Jerusalem, and widow of William, the eldest son of Henry I, of England

1150-51 De-facto Regent Countess Beatrice of Edessa (Israel)
Her husband, Joscelin II de Courtenay lost most of the territory to Nur ad-Din of Aleppo in 1146 and in 1150 he was taken prisoner during an attempt to reconqor the county, and Beatrice sold what was left of the area to the Byzantines. She was mother of two children, Joscelin III (d. 1187/1200) and Queen Agnes of Jerusalem, where she was politically influential from 1176.

Around 1151-1196/1200 Sovereign Countess Uta of Schauenburg (Germany)
She was the daughter of Gotfried von Calw and was one of the richest heiresses in Germany. After her father's death followed a harsh succession war, which was solved in her favourur by the nephew of her husband Wolf VI Friedrich Barbarossa Hohenstaufen in 1151. She lived (ca. 1115-1996/1200).

1152 Regent Dowager Countess Hodierna of Jerusalem of Tripoli (Lebanon)
The third daughter of Queen Morphia (dp.1129) and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d.1131), and sister of Melisende, Alice and Joveta. Hodierna was married to Count Raymond II of Tripoli. Her reckless way of life led to doubts about the legitimacy of her daughter Melisende. Hodierna's husband Raymond tried to keep her confined in seclusion. In 1152 Hodierna's sister, Queen Melisende of Jerusalem intervened and managed to have the two reconciled. But Hodiern'a husband was murdered outside the gates of Tripoli only days after. Hodierna assumed regency of Tripoli for her 12 years old son Raymond III, though guardianship of the boy was given to King Baldwin III. Hordierna died ca. 1161.

1152-84 Countess Abbess Adelheid IV von Sommerschenburg of Gandersheim (Germany)
The Pfalzgräfin or Countess Palentine was in close contact with Hildgard von Bingen, whom she has brought up.

1154-65 Co-Reigning Countess Consort Constance of France of Toulouse (France)
Her first husband, Count Eustache IV.of Boulogne, Duke of Normandie and Heir to the English Throne died in 1153 and the following year she married Raimondo V of Toulouse. She was the first Countess of Toulouse to use the title of Duke, she often signed official documents with the title Regina or Dux Narbonnæ, but at her seal she used the title Ducissa. The couple was divorced 1165. She was daughter of king Louis VI in his second marriage to Adelaide de Savoie, the mother of four children, and lived (ca. 1124-ca. 80).

1155-80 Reigning Abbess Audeburge de Haute-Bruyère  of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Haute-Bruyère is a city in present day's Belgium.

1155 Hereditary Countess Judith von Hernstein of Falkenstein and Hernstein (Germany)
After the death of her father, Count Herrand II von Falkenstein, she delegated her rights to Falkenstein and Hernstein to Duke Otto. She was first married to Nizo von Raitenbach (d. ca. 1183) and Albero Wolf von bocksberg (d. ca. 1230) and mother of Konrad von Hohenfels (d. 1233) and Albero Wolf von Bocksberg (b. ca. 1230). Neither the date of her birth or death is known.

1156-66 Joint Ruler Queen Margarita de Navarra of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1166-72 Regent Dowager Queen of Sicily and Malta
Daughter of King Garcia VI and married to Guillermo I, Prince of Capua, before becoming co-king in 1151. Regent for son Guillermo II (b. 1154-). Since 1167 the sources name her as co-regent and in 1168 a regency council consisting of 10 people was formed, with her has head. She lived (1128/35-82).

1156 Sovereign Dame Mathilde-Mahaut de Bourgogne of Montpensier and Comtesse de Grigon (France)
The dughter of Dame Agnès de Thiern (around 1140), she lived (1150-1192).

1056-1116 Sovereign Countess Gertrud of Haldensleben (Germany)
Succeeded her uncle, Wilhelm as Countess of Haldensleben and her territory were incorporated into the Duchy of Sachsen. Married to Count Friedrich von Formbach, who was killed in 1059, and Duke Ordulf von Sachsen (1020-72), and was a central figure in the Saxon opposition against king Heinrich IV, who held her prisoner around 1076. 

1156/57 Rebellion Leader Queen Sugala Devi in Sri Lanka
She raised the standard of revolt in Ruhuna against Parakrama Bahu the Great (CE 1153-1186), who had become sole monarch of Lanka She was gradually driven to the south of the island by the royal army operating in Uva, and her defeat was ensured by the arrival of other forces from Sabaragamuwa and the western sea coast. Sugala Devi herself was captured and the revolt collapsed.

1157-ca.58 Regent Dowager Queen Berengela Raimondo de Barcelona of Castilla, Leon and Galicia (Spain)
The widow of king Alfonso II (1105-57), she was in charge of the government in the name of her son, King Fernando II (1137-57-88). She lived (1105-57).

1160-80 Sovereign Countess Tiburge II of Orange (France)
Succeeded father Guillaume II and was succeeded by great-aunt, Tiburge III who had been joint ruler since 1173.

1160-97 Sovereign Countess Marguerite de France of Véxin (France)
Daughter of King Louis VII of France and first married Henri Court-Martel, Prince of England, Duke of Normandie (d. 1183) - the son her father's ex-wife Leonore of Aquitaine, and secondly with King Béla III of Hungary. She lived (1155-97). 

Until 1160 Sovereign Countess Sophia von Winzenburg (Germany)
Married to Albrecht der Bär, Count von Ballenstedt, Lord of der Mark Lausitz, Margrave of Saxony (1124-38), Duke of Saxony (1137-41), Margrave of Brandenburg (1140-70), Margrave von Stade, Count von Aschersleben, (1096/1100-70) and mother of 13 children, she (d. 25.03.1160).

1160-61 Princess-Abbess Meregart of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was followed on the post by Pfalzgräfin Adelheid von Sachsen-Sommerschenburg.

1161-84 Princess-Abbess Adelheid III von Sommerschenburg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Daughter of Pfalzgraf Friedrich II of Sachsen-Sommerschenburg and Luitgard von Stade. She was the sole heir of her brother Adalbert von Sommerschenburg, who died 1179, but since she had no chance of prevailing against Heinrich der Löwe, who saw the chance of strengthening his position in the Eastern part of Germany, she sold her rights to the Archbishop of Magdeburg. She was also Abbess of Gandersheim (1152-53), and lived (1130/35-84).

1162-1228 Sovereign Countess Beatrix of Grenoble and Albon, Dauphine Viennois (France)
At the age of one, she succeeded father Guigues V and from ca. 1179 she reigned jointly with husbands Albéric Taillefer, Count de Saint Gilles, from 1183 with Duke Hugues III de Bourgogne, who died 1192 and the following with Hugues de Coligny-Revermont (d. 1205), and succeeded by son André Guigues VI, who took over as Dauphin of  Viennois and Count d'Albon around 1202. Mother of three children, and lived (1162-1228).

1162-63 Regent Marguerite of Viennois and Dauphiné (France)
Regent for niece for one year, until her own death. 

1162-79 Regent Dowager Countess Beatrix di Montferrato of Grenoble, d'Albon and Viennois (France)
Took over the reins for daughter, Beatrix, who succeeded to the county at the age of one. Beatrix di Montferrato lived (ca. 1142-1228).

1164-78 Dowager Khanum Regnant Yelü Pusuwan Chengtian Taihou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan) 
Also known as Empress Chengtian, Cheng Tian Hou) of Qara Khitai she was sister of Yelü Yilie, who ruled as emperor Liao Renzong in 1151-64. In the 1120s China's Liao Dynasty was ousted by the Liaos, or Khitans, and were driven west into Central Asia,  where, after defeating the Seljuq Turks of Persia under the Sultan Sanjar in 1141, they founded the Qara-Khitai Empire with Samarkand as its capital covering present day's Mongolia, Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other central Asian territories. The khanate was weakened in about 1200 by attacks from the Khwarizm shahdom and in 1218 it collapsed precipitately when the Mongols invaded. The governmental institutions of Qara Khitai were taken over by the Mongols to form the foundations of their own imperial administration.   

1163 Reigning Dame Theodora Komnena of Acre (Israel)
She was given the Lordship as dowry after her first husband, King Badouin III d'Anjou of Jerusalem had been killed. Daugter of Prince Isaak Comnenos of Byzantine and his second wife Irene Diplosynadena Komnena. In 1167 Emperor Andronikos I of Byzantine arrived in Acre and they became lovers, since they were too closely related to be allowed to marry. Her relatives interweened and Andronikos returned to Constantinople and she vacated her lands and fled alone to Damascus, where Nur ed-Din recived her friendly. She spend the following years travelling through the Ismalic countries and even visited Baghdad. She was given a Castle by an Emir close to the Paphlagonian boarder, where Andronikos, who had been excummunicated, lived a happy life as robber. They apparently married, and she became mother of a daughter, Irene. It is not known what happned to her fater Andronikos was murdered in 1185, but it is belived that she lived (1145-ca. 1217).

1163-ca. 81 Princess-Abbess Gude of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
The Benedictine chater for ladies of noble birth of Belisia/Bilzen (an enclave in Loon) was founded ca 670. In the course of time the abbesses gained some temporal power, becoming ladies of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen in Limburg.

1163-70 Reigning Abbess Lutgard I of Herford (Germany)
The abbey was founded 820 and in 1147 the Ecclesiastical Territory was granted Reichsunmittelbarkeit - or semi-sovereign status. There is a gap in the list of abbesses from 1170 to 1212.

1164 Regent Dowager Margravine Kundigunde von Chamb-Vohburg of Steiermark (Austria)
After the death of her husband, Ottokar III (1124-29-64) she ruled the margravate for son Otokar IV (1164-92), Margrave of Styria (Steiermark). Her husband was a member of the Marburg line of the Counts of Sponheim, he inherited parts of Lower Styria between the Drave and Save rivers in what is today Slovenia. He participated in the Second Crusade. Her son later became Duke and was the last of the Ottokar Line and the the territory was the inherited by the Barbenberg Dukes of Austria.

1164-76 Regent Dowager Countess Mechtild von Schwarzburg-Käfernburg of Holstein-Wagrien (Germany)
After her husband Adolf II was killed in battle, she was regent for son Adolf III (ca. 1160-1225) and trough many years she was in dispute with the counts of Badwide-Ratzeburg about the succession and the Slaws. Daughter of Count Sizzo III von Schwarzburg-Käfrnburg and Gisela von Berg. (ca. 1130-93).  

Before 1165-79 Dame Abbesse Mathildis of Remiremont (France)    
She was head of the Benedictine doubble monestary which housed both chanonisses and chanons.

Ca. 1165-76 Sovereign Countess Sofia von Rheineck of Bentheim (Germany)
Succeeded mother, Gertrud von Northeim, who had been in charge of the county since the death of her husband, Otto I von Rheineck and Bentheim in 1150. Sophie's brother, Otto, had been killed the year before. Her mother had been politically active already since the death of her first husband 1113, trying to secure the inheritance of her oldest sons. Sophie married Dirk VI of Holland, and her second son, Otto, became Count of Bentheim around 1166. She died on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1176.

1166-after 1208 Sovereign Countess Maria Komnena of Nablus (Israel)
Married first husband, king Amalric I of Jerusalem, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon (1135-1162/3-74), after his divorce from Agnes de Courtenay, and was given Nablus as her dower lands. After his death she married Lord Balian d'Ibelin, Lord of Nablus and Cayman and became mother of two sons and two daughters by him. Their marriage was a happy one, and she played a substantial role in her husband's party against the machinations of the opposing party led by her husband's first wife Agnes. Maria’s daughter Isabella succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1192 after Guy de Lusignan was forced to abdicated. Then followed the death of Conrad of Montferrato, whom her husband Balian had supported for the past four years. In 1208 she conducted the marriage negotiations with Cyprus for her grand-daughter, Alice of Champagne (Isabella’s daughter), who was to marry Hugh, son of Amalric II of Jerusalem (who was also her step-brother as his father was her mother Isabella’s fourth husband). Blanche of Navarre, Countess of Champagne, provided the dowry for Alice. Maria was the grandniece of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus of Constantinople (d.1180).

1166-67 Sovereign Countess Dulcia II of Province and Melgueil, Vicomtesse de Gevaudan and Rodez (France)
Also known as Dulce, she succeeded Raymond Berenguer III of Province. In the period 1162-1196 her cousin, King Alfonso II of Aragón, occupied Barcelona and from 1167 also Province. She was engaged to Raimond VI de Toulouse, and lived (ca. 1165-1172).

1166-67 Regent Dowager Countess Richsa of Poland of Province (France)
She was in charge of the government during her infant Dulcia's brief reign. Richsa was daughter of Duke Wladyslaw II. of Poland, of Krakow and Schlesia, and Agnes of Austria and first married to king Alphonso VII of Castilla-Leon and mother of two children by him, who both predeceased their father. After his death in 1157 she went to the court of Raimondo Berenger IV's court in Barcelona, whose son, Alphonso II of Aragon had been engaged to her daughter. In 1161 she married Raymond Berenguer III of Province and after his death in five years later, she married Count Albrecht II. von Everstein (d. 1197), an ally of her mother's cousin Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa. She lived (1130/40-1185).

1167-82 Sovereign Countess Élisabeth of Vermandois, Valois and Crépy (France)
Also known as Isabelle, she was the oldest sister of Raoul II she was married to Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders, who participated in a cruisade. She did not have any children and Vermandois was inherited by her husband and Valois by her sister Éleonore, who became Countess of Vermandois after Philippes death in 1191. Élisabeth lived (1143-82). 

1167 Sovereign Countess Adelheid von Loccum of Hallermund (Germany)
She was daughter of Count Wilbrand I von Loccum-Hallermund and Beatrix on Rheineck, and first married Count Konrad von Wasse, Vizthum von Hildesheim and secondly Count Günther von Käfernburg und Hallermund. Mother of two sons and two daughters.

1170/72 Regent Dowager Sultan Turhan of Hwarizim Sahi of Uiguristan (China and Kazakstan)
Regent for Sultan Sah Abd’l Quasim Mahmud 1170/72, who was deposed as ruler of the kingdom. The origin of Uigur ethnic group can be traced back to the nomadic people living around Lake Baikal and the area between the Irtish River and Lake Balkhash in the third century B.C. During the long history, these people amalgamated the north and south Xinjiang (China), Mongolian, Han and Tibetan clans. And the present Uigur ethnic group came into being. The Uigur has its own language and alphabet, which belongs to the Turki Austronesian, Altai Phylum. In their language, "Uigur" means "solidification and union". The Uigurs rely heavily on agriculture as their main source of survival. They plant cotton, wheat, corn and paddy. The largest grape base of China is also located in the Turpan Basin.

1170-1201 Sovereign Dame Arnalda de Caboët of Andorra
Her father, Arnau de Caboet, had been given the Valley of Andorra as a fief by the Bishop of Urgell. Her mother, Sancha de Castellbò was daughter of Pierre Raymond, Viscount de Higher Urgell and Vicomtesse Sibylle de Cerdagne. Arnalda married Viscount Arnau de Castellbò-Cerdagne (1155-1226), and they were succeeded by daughter, Viscountess Ermessenda de Castellbò i Carboet, who married Roger Bernard II of Foix in 1208, and Andorra was inherited by the houses of Foix, Bearn and Navarra. Arnalda lived (1164-1201).

1170-73 Sovereign Viscounts Marie of Béarn and d'Oloron, Brulhois and Gabarret and Countess of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded brother, Gaston V and reigned together with husband, Guillaume I de Moncarde and was succeeded by son Gaston VI le Bon (1173-1215).

Around 1170 Co-Ruler Countess Emma of Guines (France)
Together with husband, Baldwin I, Count of Manasse.

1171-87/1201 Sovereign Duchess Constance of Bretagne (France)
Succeeded father Conan IV. Her first husband was the son of King Henry of England and Duchess Regnant Leonore of Aquitaine, Geoffrey II Plantagenet was duke 1181-86 (†). Their daughter, Eleanor was Maid of Bretagne but became Countess in her own right of Richmond (1185-1208-41). Constance's second husband was Ranulph de Blundeville, 4th Earl of Chester. They divorced in 1199, and she then married Gui, Viscount de Thouras with whom she had the daughter Alice de Thuars. Gui was in charge of the Duchy until 1212. Constance lived (1161-1201).

From 1171 Possible Regent Dowager Duchess Margaret of Scotland of Bretagne (France)
She possibly acted as regent for daughter Constance who was underage. In 1175 she married Humphrey de Bohun (d. 1182) She was sister of the kings Malcom IV and William I of Scotland. Mother of one daughter of her first husband, and a son by her second, Henry, who was created 1st Earl of Hereford. She was daughter of Henry of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland and Ada de Warenne, and lived (ca. 1145-1201).

1171-1218 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I of Bourbon (France)
Succeeded father Archambaud VIII and reigned jointly with husband Gui II de Dampierre 1200-15. Succeeded by son Archambaud IX. 

1171-87 Sovereign Princess Eschiva I of Galilée and Triberias (Israel)
Daughter of Guilllaume II (1148-58) and first married to, Gautier de Fauqenberge (Falkenberg) de Saint-Omer) (1159-71) who reigned Galiæa, Galiea, as prince. 1173 she married Raimond III of Tripoli, and in 1179 she payed a ransum of 50.000 turkish Dinars (Lira) for her son, Hugo, who was taken prisoner by Sultan Saladin. 1187 the sultan conquered the main city of Tiberias. Her second husband and his sons was in the army of the King, but she send a messenger to tell him what was happening and she maintained the defence of the castle, but in the end she surendered to Saladin, who allowed her and her court to move to Tripoli. Mother of four sons by her first husband. (d. after 1187).

1172 Military Leader Countess Alrude of Bertinoro (Italy)
She led an army to break the siege of Aucona, and forced the Imperial forces to abandon the siege and engaged in several battles on her return to her castle.

1173-87 Sovereign Baroness Stephanie de Milly of Oultrejourdain, Montreal et Corache (Israel)
The eldest daughter of Philip of Milly, Lord of Nablus and Isabella, daughter of Maurice, Lord of Oultre-Jourdan. Her first husband Humphrey III of Toron held varied positions of power within the Kingdom. After his death in 1170, she married Miles of Plancy (d.1174). Through her marriages, Stephanie had managed to acquire two important crusader garrisons: Kerak (not to be confused with Krak des Chevaliers) and Montreal. When Stephanie was besieged within Kerak by Nur ed-Din, she sent for assistance, and was rescued by her first father-in-law Hunphrey II of Toron (d.1179). In 1174 she married Reynald of Chatillon. When Saladin besieged and retook Jerusalem, Stephaine's son Humphrey was amongst the ransomed captives. Stephanie asked for the release of her son and Saladin agreed to release him only on surrender of Kerak and Montreal - both garrisons refused. Stepahine duly returned her son to Saladin, who released him soon afterwards.

Around 1173 Sovereign Baroness Lucia of Botrum (Israel)
A Latin crusader-state in the Holy Land.

1173-1214 Sovereign Countess Ide of Boulonge (France)
Ide's mother, Marie de Blois, was Countess of Boulonge until her divorce from Mathieu d'Alsace in 1170. He continued to reign as count until his death in 1173. Ide married Mathieu II with Philippe d'Alsace as regent. Matheiu II died in 1180 and she married Count Gerhard III van Gelders, Duke Berthold IV von Zähringen (or possibly Berthold V) and finally Count Rainald I. von Dammartin-en-Goelo, who were all joint regents. Ide's sister, Mathilde, inherited the estates in England that their mother had inherited from her father, King Stephen. Ide was succeeded by daughter, Countess Mahaut II (Mathilde) de Dammartin et Boulonge in 1214, and lived (1161-1214/16).

1173-82 Sovereign Countess Tiburge III of Orange (France)
The daughter of Tiburge I, she reigned jointly with Tiburge II until, the granddaughter of her brother Raimbaud III

1174-84 Politically Influential Ex-Queen Agnes de Courtenay of Jerusalem (Israel)
After the death her ex-husband, king Amalrich in 1174, her son, Badouin IV became king and she returned to Jerusalem were she became very influential even during the reign of her grandson, Badouin V, and she was a leading figure in the "Court Party" which took part in the political maneuvering of the time. She was first married to Rainald, Prince of Marasch, killed in battle 1149, secondly to Hugh d'Ebelin, Lord of Rahmala, whom she divorced. Her second marrige to her second cousin, King Amalrich I. of Jerusalem was dissolved in 1162 because they were too closely related and she finally married Rainald de Sidon. Mother of two children by her third husband, she was the daughter of count Joscelin II. of Edessa and der Beatrice.

1175-81 Regent Dowager Countess Mahaut de Bourgogne of Auxerre, Nevers and Tonnerre (France)
1170 she married Count Guy, who was involved in various wars - first he accompanied King Louis VII of France during his campaign against Baron Geoffroy IV de Donzy and in 1174 he was involved in a fight against Duke Hugues II of Bourgogne because she - and her mother-in-law - had advised him not to pay homage to the Duke for the possessions he held in Bourgogne. He lost the fight, was taken prisoner but was freed after she payed his ransom, but died soon after, making her regent for her son, Guillaume V, who died as a child and was succeeded by sister, Agnès, after her uncle, Renaud, had renounced his rights in her favour.

1177-82 Sovereign Countess Valença of Pallars-Jussá (Spain)
In charge of Pallars Jussa in succession to her father, Raimondo V, who had succeeded his father, who succeeded a distant relative, Valença was succeeded by another distant relative, Dolça de So.

1177-1206 Sovereign Dame Meselinde of Arsuf (Israel)
Her husband, Jean I d'Ibelin was Lord of Beirut and Ausuf until his death in 1236. Succeeded by two sons.

1177-80 Reigning Abbess Tutta II von Falkenstein of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Probably member of the Countly family of Falkenstein bei Brannenburg in Bayern.

1178-84 Joint Ruler Queen Tamar of Georgia
1184-1213 The Most High Queen, by the will of our Lord, King and Queen of Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
Thamar or Tamara was member of the royal house of Bagrationi, she was 19 years old when her father Grigori III had her crowned co-ruler, and when he died she became the sole ruler of Georgia. Despite the fact that she was 25 on her accession, Tamar was placed under the official guardianship of her father's sister Rusudani. She dealt with the various factions within the nobility by giving commands of provinces to important generals and prominent nobles. During her reign the kingdom reached the apex of its political, economic and cultural might. A unique Georgian Christian Culture flourished in this multinational state, exalted by great building projects. After the conquest of Byzantium by the Fourth Crusaders in 1204, Tamar sent troops to Trebizond and Kerasund in support of her relative, Alexios Comnenus, who would become Byzantine Emperor 1205. She personally led the Georgian forces and routed the Turks at the battle of Basiani. From here on, she pursued a policy of military aggression - Kars surrendered in 1205 and her son Grigori was made Governor; she exerted her hold over the local Muslim semi-protectorates; received tribute from some of the southern Russians provinces. In 1209 The Emir of Ardabil attacked Georgia, slaughtering 12.000 Georgians and enslaving thousands more. Tamar took her revenge the following year - she took the Emir of Ardabil by surprise, killing him, and as warnings to others who might threaten Georgi, Tamar's troops began raiding deep into North Persia and other surrounding regions. Married 1185 and divorced two years later to Prince Giorgi of Novgorod and then in 1189 she married King Davit-Soslani of Ossetia (d. 1207). Succeded frist by son, Giorgi IV Lasha, and then by daughter Rusudan in 1223. Tamar lived (1159-1213).

1178-90 Sovereign Countess Beatrix III Stephanie of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded father, Centule III and reigned jointly with husbands Pierre II de Dax and Bernard IV de Comminges, who died in 1226. She was succeeded by daughter, Petronille.

1178-... Regent Dowager Rani Naikidevi of Chalukyas (Chauleskyas) (India)
When Mohammed Ghori attacked the Chalukyas, the king was only an infant; his mother Naikidevi became the regent and led her troops to war and defeated Ghori.

1179-80 Regent Dowager Rani Karpura Devi of Ajmer (in Rajastan) (India)
Situated in the heart of Rajastan desert, Ajmer has a blend of Sufi
culture and Hindu religion. Ajmer has always been a strategic
place for the Rajputs, the Mughals and the Marathas. Ajmer was the seat of administration for the Chauhans till Prithviraj was defeated in 1193 by Mohammad Ghori. It then became a part of the Delhi Sultanate. However, Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Raja Maldeo again established Rajput rule over Ajmer.

1180-82 (†) Regent Dowager Empress Xenia-Maria de Antiochia of Constantinople (Cowering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Constance of Antiochia (d.1162) and Raymond de Poitiers, and took over the regency for her son Alexius II (1180-82). Maria took a lover, her advisor Alexius Comnenus. But Maria's regency was opposed by her stepdaughter Maria Komnena (daughter of Manuel by a former wife) and her husband Ranier de Monferrato. Andronicus Comnenus was sent for by popular acclaim and was crowned co-Emperor. He eventually assumed total control of Constantinople. Maria was condemned to be strangled, and her son forced to sign the warrant by new Emperor Andronicus. Her son was murdered two months later. She lived (1145-82).

1180 Regent Dowager Landgavine Jutta Hohenstaufen von Schwaben of Thüringen (Germany)
In 1150 she married Ludwig II (1128-72) and in 1168 she initiated the building of the burough of Weeissensee as a princly residence. When her sons; Landgrave Ludwig (1172-90) and Hermann and were taken prisoners by Heinrich dem Löwen (Henry the Bear), she ruled the Landgravate. Her high position shows in the mentioning of her name in various official documents isued by her husband, and when her second son Hermann I succeeded his brother as Landgrave (1190-1217) he called him self - among his many other titles "Son of the Landgravine Jutta, who is a sister of Emperor Freiderich I." She was the sister of Friedrich III Barbarossa, Duke of Swabia (1147-52), King of Italy (1154-86), King of Germany (1152-90), Comte de Bourgogne (1156-90), King of Bourgogne 1178 (d. 1190), mother of four sons and one daughter, and lived (ca. 1135-1190).

1180-90 Sovereign Dame Isabelle de Hainault of Artois (France/Belgium)
Daughter of Baudouin V-VIII of Flanders and Hainault and Margareta of Flanders. She was married to king Philippe II August of France, and her son, Louis, was created Count d'Artois. She died after having given birth stillborn twins, and lived (1170-90). After her death her husband first married Ingeborg of Denmark, but their marriage broke down in 1200 and he then married Agnès de Méranie, but also this marriage was repudiated.

1180-96 Sovereign Countess Havoise of Aumale (France)
Succeeded father Guillaume I and reigned jointly with three husbands; William de Mandeville, Earl of Essex until 1189, Geoffroi des Forts until 1191, and Baudouin de Choques until 1196.After her death, the French king reigned the county until 1200.

1180-1208 Sovereign Countess Mahaut Taillefer of La Marche and Angoulême (France)
Also known as Mathilde, she fist succeeded a relative, Aldebert V, in La Marche. In Angouleme, she succeeded father, Vougrin II Taillefer, who had been deposed by king Richard of England in 1179. Her two brothers succeeded each others as pretenders to the county and she was succeeded by niece, Isabella, who claimed the title after her father's death in 1202. In La Marche Mahaut reigned jointly with her husband Hugues de Luisignan (d. 1206).

1180-90 Reigning Abbess Adelheid I von Wolffershausen of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Wolffershausen was a village in Thüringen.

Ca. 1180-1215/17 Reigning Abbess Eilica of Herford (Germany)
She was succeeded by Gertrud II zur Lippe, who was in office until 1233.

Around 1180s Dame Abbesse Cunegundes of Remiremont (France)    
The chronology for the period is not clear, and therefore the exact dates of her reign is not known.

Around 1180s Dame Abbesse Euphemia of Remiremont (France)    
She was Lady of the City of Remiremont and more than 70 other seigneurities in the surrounding.

1180-89 Reigning Abbess Gilles/Gillette of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
The chapter was founded in 1101, and was unique in the way that the community was placed directly under the Pope and the King of France. The monks in the dubble-convent was commanded by a Prior under the control of the Abbess.

1181-92 Sovereign Countess Agnès of Auxerre, Tonnerre and Nevers, Dame de Donzy  (France)
The daughter of Count Guy I. de Nevers-Auxerre-Tonnerre (d.1175) and Mahaut/Mathilde de Bourgogne-Grignon, she succeeded her brother Guillaume V, and became the first of a succession of female rulers, which lasted for more than a century. She spend three years at the court of the king of France, who married her to the grandson of King Louis VI of France, Pierre II de Courtenay, Emperor of Constantinople (1216-19), and succeeded by her only daughter Mathilde, who was head of all three counties (1195-1257). Agnes lived (Ca. 1170-92).

1179-81 Regent Countess Marie de France of Blois-Champagne and Troyes (France)
1181-87 and 1190-98 Regent Dowager Countess
She first took over the government when her husband went on prillgrimage to Jerusalem. 1180 her father died and her half-brother Philippe became king. He confiscated the dower lands of his mother Adele (also Marie's sister-in-law) and then married Isabelle of Hainaut, who had been previously betrothed to her eldest son. This prompted her to join a party of disgruntled nobles - including Queen Adele and the archbishop of Reims - in plotting against Philippe. Eventually, relations between her and her royal brother improved. Her husband returned from the Holy Land, but died almost immediately. Now a widow with four young children, she considered marrying Philip of Flanders, but the engagement was broken off suddenly for unknown reasons. After her husbands death, she acted as regent until her son, Henri II, came of age. However, he left to go on Crusade, and she once again served as regent in his absence until his death 1197 she retired to the nunnery of Fontaines-les-Nones near Meaux, and died there the following year. She was a patron of literature and maintained her own library. She was daughter of King Louis VII of France and Duchess Elenonore d'Aquitanie, her sister Alix was regent of Blois from 1191. She was mother of 4 children, and lived (1145-98).

1181-before 1203 Princess-Abbess Gertrude of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
Her background is not known.

1182-92 Sovereign Countess Dolça de So of Pallars-Jussá (Spain)
She succeeded Doña Valença. In 1192 Bajo Pallars was incorporated into Cataluña-Aragón.

1183-91 Sovereign Countess Eléonore of Valois
1185-1214 Sovereign Countess of Saint-Quentin and Péronne
1191-1214 Sovereign Countess of Vermandois  (France)
After the death of her sister, Élisabeth, she claimed the county of Vermandois, but her brother-in-law Philippe d'Alsace, refused to give it up, but after long debates she was allowed to keep the county of Valois, but engaged in warfare with him. In 1185 seeded Saint-Quentin and Péronne to her and after he died 1191 exchanged Vermandois for Valois which king Philippe-Augste. She was married to Godefroy de Hainault, Comte d'Ostervant (d. 1163) and Guillaume IV, Comte de Nevers, but as she had no children her fiefs reverted to the French crown. She lived (1152-1214).

1183-92 Regent Dowager Princess Agnes van Loon-Rieneck of Bavaria (Germany) 
She was widow of Otto I and V, Duke of Bavaria and Palentine of Wittelsbach and acted as a forceful regent for son, Ludwig, Duke of Bavaria (1174-83-1231), and managed to secure his inheritance. The mother of 9 surviving children, she lived (1150-91).

1184-? Regent Princess Rusudani of Georgia
She acted as regent after the accession to the throne of her niece, Queen Tamar, and as her advisor for the first years of her reign.

1184-ca. 1240 Sovereign Baroness Marie Sans-Avoir of Pry (Israel)  
Married to Jean I de Fabarel.

1184-1203 Princess-Abbess Agnes II von Ostmark und Meissen of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was daughter of Margrave Konrad I and Luitgard. She lived (before 1145-1203).

1184-96  Countess Abbess Adelheid V von Hessen of Gandersheim (Germany)
Her title was "Edle" or Noble.

1185-92 Queen Sibylla d'Anjou of Jerusalem, Countess of Jaffa (Israel)
Countess of Jaffa from 1175, she succeeded her son, Baldwin V, and ruled jointly with husband prince Guy de Lusignan of Cyprus. She was crowned as Queen and then immediately crowned Guy as King.

1185 Lady Aoife MacMurrough of Leinster, Countess of Ireland  
Also known as Eva, she was daughter of Diarmit macDonnchada Macmurchada, King of Leinster and Mor ingen Muirchertaig O'Toole. She was married to Richard Strong de Clare Strongbow FitzGilbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke and mother of Isabel de Clare, Countess of Strigoil and Pembroke, who lived (1174-1220).

1186-1227 Sovereign Countess Alix of Eu, Lady of Hastings (France)
Succeeded brother, Raoul I and reigned jointly with husband Raoul II de Lusignan-Issoudun and was succeeded by son Raoul III. She was daughter of Henri, Count d'Eu and Lord of Hastings and Maud de Warenne. She (d. 1246).

1187-1194/98 Regent Dowager Duchess Anastazja of Poland of Pommern-Slawien-Stettin (Pomorze) (Poland)
1233-39 Possible Regent of Slawien-Stettin
Following the death of her husband, Duke Bogislav von Pommern (Bogusław I of Pomorze), she was regent for her sons Bogislaw II and Kasimir II jointly with with Wartislaw II as joint guardian, who sought to have the fief renewed by King Knud of Denmark but also made ties with the German rulers. As it came to a riot against the Danish rule, Knud made a raid to Slawien and replaced Wartislaw with Prince Jaromar von Rügen, whose power she tried to curb. After her son came of age she continued to be active, granting lands to convents etc. She might have taken over as Guardian after her daugther-in-law, Miroslawa died in 1233 leaving her son, Barnim I. (1219-20-78), who was still a minor. Also known as Anastasia, she was daughter of Mieszko III Stary Duke of Wielkopolska and Princess Eudoksja of Russia After 1198 she was still politically active, and lived (before 1164-after 1240).

1187-1219 Sovereign Lady Juliana Grenier of Caesarea (Israel)
Succeded brother, Gautier II

1187-90 Reigning Abbess María Sol of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
Also known as Misol, she was the first abbess of the Monastery, and at a General Chapter of the Cistercians held in 1189, she was made Abbess General of the Order for the Kingdom of Leon and Castile, with the privilege of convoking annually a general chapter at Burgos.

1189-95 De-Facto Ruler Empress Li Ciyi of China
Her husband Guangzong (ruled 1189-95) was mentally unstable, and his continued illness created a vacuum for Empress Li to become a force in court politics. She proved to be irresponsible, arrogant, and temperamental and alienated officials. She was able to give positions to numerous members of her family and others whom she favored. After she was implicated in the assassination of her husband’s favorite concubine in 1191, the emperor worsened and eventually, the officials forced Empress Dowager Wu to name a new emperor in 1195. She lived (1144-1200).

1189-94 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II de Flandre of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Member of the Countly family of Flanders.

1190-1205 Queen Isabella I de Lusignan of Jerusalem (Israel)  
The first two years she claimed the throne from her sister. Ruled jointly together with three husbands - the first one was Conrad de Monferrato, with whom she had her first daughter, Maria. Her second husband and co-ruler was Henri de Champagne (1192), father of Alice and Philippa. Her third husband was Amalric de Lusignan, father of Sibylla and Melisende and a son, who died in 1205, after which first her husband and then she self died. Succeeded by oldest daughter.

1189-94 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II de Flandre of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
The chapter was founded in 1101, and was unique in the way that the community was placed directly under the Pope and the King of France. The monks in the dubble-convent was commanded by a Prior under the control of the Abbess.

1190-91 Regent Dowager Queen Adèle de Blois-Champagne of France
The third wife of Louis VII (1120-37-80), she was in charge of the government during her son, Philippe II August's participation in the crusades at the time. Louis' first wife was Duchess Eleanore d'Aquitaine, the second Constance of Castilla. Alix lived (1140-1206).

1190-91 Regent Countess Alix de France of Blois-Chartres (France)
She was regent when her husband , Theobald, left for the East until his death one year later and he was succeeded by their 18 year old son, Louis I of Blois (1172-1205). Her sister Marie was married to Theobald's brother, Henri, the Count of Champagne, and acted as regent several times from 1179. Their parents, King Louis VII of France and Eleonore of Aquitaine divorced soon after her death and the sisters grew up with their father, while their mother married King Henry II of England. Among her 7 children was Alix of Blois, abbess of Fontevrault Alix de France lived (1150–97/98)

1190-1251 Sovereign Countess Petronille of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded mother Beatrix III Stephanie, and reigned jointly with her husbands Gaston VI de Bearn, Gui de Montfort, Aymar de Rançon and Boson de Mastas. She was succeeded first by grandson and then by granddaughter, Constance in 1283.

1190-97 Reigning Abbess Bertha von Frontenhausen of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Apparently member of the ancient Frankish noble family the Luitpoldings.

1190-1205 Reigning Abbess-General María Gutiérrez I of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
She exercised an unlimited secular authority over more than fifty villages, held her own courts, granted letters dismissorial for ordination, and issued licenses authorizing priests, within the limits of her abbatial jurisdiction, to hear confessions, to preach, and to engage in the cure of souls. She was privilege also to confirm Abbesses, to impose censures, and to convoke synods.

1190 Heiress Jutta von Thüringen of Altenwied, Bilstein und Neu-Windeck and the Pfalzgrafschaft Sachsen (Germany)
Only child of Landgrave Ludwig III of Thüringen and Margrete von Kleve, she married Dietrich, Count of Wettin Groitzsch (1159-1207). Their second daughter, Mathilde was Heiress of Altenwied and married Heinrich II von Sayn. Jutta lived (ca. 1175-after 1208/16).

1191-94 Queen Regnant Berenguela of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Berengaria or Berengere, she succeeded her father King Sancho VI and was succeeded by brother, Sancho VII, and married to Richard I Lionhart of England and became known as Queen Berengere or Berengaria. Her sister later Blanca was regent of Champagne from 1201 and later of Navarrawhen their brother went into "retirement".  Berenguela did not have any children, and lived (1163-1230).

1191-94 Sovereign Countess Margaretha d'Alsass I of Flanders (Belgium)
Also known as Marguerite, she was the oldest daughter of Dirk van Flanders and Sibylle d’Anjou, and succeeded her brother Philippe d'Alsass (Elsaß). The king of France attempted to secure Flanders for his son Louis, but the population of Brugge and other major cities recieved her and her second husband, Baudouin VIII of Hainault (1150-1195) with enthusiasm, and he recieved the fief in her name by the Holy Roman Emperor. First married to Count Raoul II de Vermandois. One of her six children was Henri, who became Latin Emperor of Constantinople. She  lived (1145-94).

1191-98 Sovereign Countess Catherine of Clermont (France)
Daughter of Raoul I Count of Clermont en Beauvoisis (1130-91) and married to Louis de Blois, Count of Chartres (1166-1205), and succeeded by son, Thibault. She was born before 1176.

Ca. 1191-1203 Sovereign Baroness Sophie van Voeren-Montaigue of Ravenstein (Netherlands)
She reigned the small barony in the northeast of the Dutch province of Brabant, on the left bank of the Maas jointly with Albert of Cuijk ca. 1191-1233.

1191-ca. 96 Dame Abbesse Clémence de Lunéville of Remiremont (France)
Member of a noble family from Lorraine, where the chapter was also situated.

1192-1200 Hereditary Burgravine Sophie von Raabs of Raabs zu Nürnberg, Lady of Cadolzburg, Raabs and Abensberg (Germany)
Sophie Gräfin von Raabs, Erb–Burggräfin von Nürnberg was heiress of Nürnberg, Cadolzburg, Raabs and Abensberg, and after the death of her father of Konrad II, her husband, Count Friedrich I von Zollern was appointed Burgrave zu Nürnberg by Emperor Heinrich VI. After her husband's death in 1200 she sold the Market of Raabs and the countly rights to Duke Leopold of Austria, but the western part, with the main city of Litschau, was inherited by her sister Agnes and her husband, Count Gebhart Hirschberg-Tollenstein (Oberpfalz-Nordgau), whose son, Gebhart the Younger, sold the counties of Litschau and Heidenreichstein to Duke Albrecht I of Austria in 1297. Sophie was mother of two sons, who became ancestors of the two lines of the Hohenzollern-family, and a daughter. She lived (1170/75-1218).

Around 1193 Rani Regnant Kurmardevi of Mewad (India)
She inherited the principality in Rajasthan after her husband's death and battled Kutubuddin. The Kingdom's name is also spelled Mevad.

1193-98 Sovereign Baroness Agnes de Giblet of Adelon (Israel)
Co-ruler with husband.

1194 Regent Dowager Queen Sibylla di Medina of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
Daughter of Count Ruggerio di Accera and Caecile de Madania. Married to Tankredo di Lecce, King of Sicilia (1190-94) and regent for son Guillermo III, who succeeded his brother Roger III in 1193. But the supporters of Queen Constanza gained ground and Constanza’s husband, Emperor Heinrich VI, offered her son the position as Count of Lecce in exchange of the royal insignia. But it seems that she got involved in a conspiracy against Heinrich, and therefore she, Guillaume and her three daughters were imprisoned and deported to Germany, where she and the daughters were placed in a convent. After Heinrich's death, they managed to escape to France.

1194-98 Queen Regnant Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
1195-97 Regent of Sicily
1197-98 (28.98-17.05) Sole Ruer of Sicily
Also known as Constance, she was married to Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI and daughter of King Roger II of Sicily. In 1185 she was named possible heiress of Sicily by her nephew King Guillermo II. On his death in 1189, however, the Sicilian nobles, wishing to prevent German rule in Sicily, chose Constance's nephew Tancredo of Lecce as William's successor. Emperor Heinrich VI conducted an unsuccessful campaign in 1191 against Tancred during which Constance was captured but was released because she was pregnant. After Tancred's death in 1194 they were crowned King and Quee of Sicily and she gave birth to her only child, Friedrich. She was named regent in the absence of her husband in 1195 but clearly considered herself to be the rightful heiress and continued the forceful rule of her predecessor. When he died in 1197 she ruled alone for a year. In order to save the throne of Sicily for her infant son, Federico (later Holy Roman emperor as Friedrich II), Constance renounced the German kingship for Frederick and the following year he was crowned as king of Sicily, continuing to act as regent until her death. In her will she had named Pope Inocenz II as guardian for her son. As queen she used the titulature;Constancia dei gracia Romanorum imperatrix semper augusta et regina Sicilie and as regent for her son she added the term; una cum carissimo filio suo Frederico eadem gracia rege Sicilie, ducatus Apulie et Principatus Capue. She lived (1154-1198).

1194-1203/05 Regent Dowager Senior Duchess Elena Znojemska of Poland Minor, Sandomir and Mazowsze-Kujawy (Małopolska and Sandomierz) (Poland)
Also known as Helena  of Bohemia, she ruled in the name of Leszek I 1194-98, 1199-1200 and 1201) and Mieszko III (1998-99 and 1202) and for Wladislaw (1202-06). Poland Minor was also known as Little Poland. 

1194-1203 (†) Regent Countess Adelaide de Toulouse of Carasconne (France)
In charge of the regency for Raymond Roger, who died 1209. 

1194-1216 Sovereign Countess Maria Albina d'Altavilla of Lecce (Italy)
Or Aberia or Elvira, was daughter of King Tancredi of Sicily and Sibilla de Medina d'Acerra, and she was held prisoner in Germany with her mother and sister, but they managed to escape. 1198 her mother married her to Gauthier III de Brienne, who was invested with her father's fief as Prince di Taranto. After his death in 1205 she ruled in the name of their newborn son, Gauthier IV (1205-51 . She later married Giacomo, Seigneur of Sanseverino and after his death Tegrino di Modigliana, Pfalzgraf von Tuszien. Also mother of a daughter, she lived (ca. 1185-1216).

1194-1207 Reigning Abbess Mathilde III de Bohême of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Princess of Bohemia.

1195-1203 De facto Ruler Empress Euphrosyne of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is today Greece and Turkey)
She was married to Alexus III Angelus, a weakling with a lust for power, who mainly busied himself with diplomatic affairs and left the interior with home affairs to her. She proved to be both extravagant and corrupt.

1195-1204 Hereditary Countess Palentine Agnes Hohenstaufen of the Rhein (Germany)
The Pfalzgräfin  by the Rhine was married to Heinrich IX der Welf. 
of Bavaria. Her son was the later Heinrich X of Bavaria and Sachsen. She was daughter of Duke Magnus von Sachsen.

1196-1247 Sovereign Countess Ermensinde II van Namur of Luxembourg, Durbuy and Laroche
In 1186, Henri IV was an old man who expected to die without heirs. He had already named Boudewijn V, Count of Hainault (and later also of Flanders) as his successor. Then his daughter Ermensinde was born. He made her his heir
instead, and a war of succession broke out. The outcome was that Ermensinde became Countess of Luxembourg, Durby and Laroche, and Boudewijn V's second son Philippe became Count of Namur. She was first married to Thibaut I, Count of Bar-Mousson and then to Walram IV, "Duke of Limburg", and trough this marriage Luxembourg and Limburg were politically
reunited. After Walram's death, Countess Ermensinde ruled Luxembourg alone for another 20 years, and lived (1186-1247).

1196-1261 Hereditary Sheriff and 3rd Countess Ela d'Everux of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
1226-28 and 1131-36 Countess of Wiltshire
1240-57 Abbess of Lacock
The daughter of William d'Everux, Earl of Salisbury, she was married to William Longspee, Earl of Salisbury by the right of his wife (d. 1226), natural son of king Henry II. She and her husband each laid a foundation stone of the new Salisbury Cathedral. During one of his long journeys abroad, when others feared he had been lost, she refused to marry any of the suitors who had their eye on her fortune and steadfastly believed in her vision of his return. She founded two religious houses in his memory, one for men at Hinton Charterhouse and the other for women at Lacock. She joined Lacock Abbey as a nun in 1238, and in 1241 became it's first abbess. She lived (1187-1261).

1196-1223  Countess Abbess Mechthild I zu Wohldenberg of Gandersheim (Germany)
Pope Innocence III. placed the chapter under Papal protection in 1206 and finishes the century old dispute with the Bishop of Hildesheim.

Ca. 1196-ca. 1204 Dame Abbesse Cècile II of Remiremont (France)   

1197-1200, 1209-10 and 1211-12 Queen Regnant Lilavati of Sri Lanka
Widow Parakrama I, who reigned 1153-86, she was installed by general Kitty, who had deposed King. Codaganga. She was also deposed, but in 1209 general Vikkantacamunakka deposed king Anikanga and reinstalled her. She was again deposed by King Lokissara who reigned, dwelling in Pulatthinagara (Polonnaruva), nine months. Finally in 1211 general Parakrama consecrated Lilavati "who came of the dynasty of the Sun and Moon, in the royal dignity, she who afterward shone in royal splendor". After 7 months King Parakrama of Pandu, deposed her and general Parakkama for the last time.

From 1197 Sovereign Countess Lukarde von Leiningen of Leiningen (Germany)
Succeeded father, Emich IV von Leiningen and married to Count Simon II von Saarbrücken. Mother of three sons - of whom one was count of Saarbrücken, one count of Leiningen and the third became bishop of Worms.

1197-1213 Sovereign Countess Marie of Montpellier (France)
Married to Pedro III de Aragón. They engaged in a power struggle about the control of her country.

1197-after 1200 Sovereign Countess Alix de France of Véxin (France)
Succeeded her sister, Margurerite, who was given the county as a dowry in 1160. She was first engaged to the heir to the English throne, Richard, also son of her father's ex-wife Leonore of Aquitaine, but instead married Guillaume II, Count de Ponthieu and Montreuil. She had no children, and lived (ca 1160-after 1200). 

1197-1204 Regent Dowager Countess Ludmilla of Bohemia of Bogen-Windberg (Germany)
When her first husband, Adalbert IV died of the wounds received in the a crusade, their three sons; Berthold III (ca. 1190-1218), Liutpold, Provost in Regensburg (d. 1221) and Adalbert V. (d. 1242), were still minors and she was in charge of the county. Six years later he married Duke Ludwig I. von Bayern (1174-1231), the former enemy of her husband, who took great care of her sons, and secured their inheritance. In her second marriage she was mother of Duke Otto II. of Bayern (1206-53). She was daughter of Duke Friederich of Bohemia and Elisabeth of Hungary, and lived (ca. 1170-1240).

1197-1213  Reigning Abbess Heylca IV von Rothenegg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Her family originated from Grindelwald in Switzerland.

1199-1202 Head of the Council of Regency Hōjō Masa-Ko
1203-25 Shōgun-Regent
She seized the reins of the shogunate after the death of her husband, the first shogun Yoritomo Minamoto. She quickly maneuvered her own family, the Hojo clan, into a regency over her son Yoriie. Initially she was leader of the 13 person Regency Council in a period without a Shogun, afterwards regent for son, Shōgun Sanetomo until 1219 and finally regent together with a man in another period without a Shogun. In her old age it was she who galvanized the shogunate army which crushed the forces of the Emperor Go-Toba in 1221. The Hojos remained as regents over all the successive Minamoto shoguns for the next century and a half. For this reason she, known as "Mother Shogun," has been referred to as the founder of the shogunate. She retired to a convent and died as a nun.

1199-1257 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I de Courtenay of Nevers
1204-04, 1214 and 1218-19 Sole Regent of Nevers
1219-57 Sovereign Countess of Auxerre and Tonnerre, Dame de Courtenay (France)
Her mother Agnès died 1192 and her father, Pierre de Courtenay, Count de Namur 1212 and Emperor of Constantinople 1217, kept control of the three counties until 1299 when he transferred the County of Nevers to Baron Hervé V de Donzy, as part of a ransom for his freedom as he had been taken prisoner during a armed conflict between the two. The following year Mahaut was married to Hervé. Pierre kept control over Auxerre and Tonnerre until his death in 1219. 1204-04 and 1214 Hervé accompanied King Philippe on warfares against the English, 1218-19 on the Fifth Crusade and she was left in sole control of the counties. Her husband died three years later imprisoned in his chateau of Saint-Aignan. In 1223 Mahaut signed the Municipal Charter of Auxerre. Her daughter Agnès de Donzy died in 1225, the following year Mahaut married Guy de Forez and raised her grandchildren Gaucher and Yolande de Châtillon. Mahaut was succeeded by her great-granddaughter, Mahaut II de Dampierre - daughter of her granddaughter Yolande de Châtillon and Archambaud de Dampierre, and lived (1188-1257).

1199-1231 Sovereign Countess Guillermina Ramonida of Pallars-Sobirá (Spain)
She succeeded brother Guillermo II. First she ruled alone, then together with Guillermo IV, Lord de Erill (1204-16) and with Roger I, Vicomte de Couserans (1216-29). 

From 1199 Sovereign Countess Blance of Éureay (France)
The county is situated in Normandy.

Ca. 1199-ca. 1247 Governor Queen Bhagubai of three Large Regions in Karnataka (India)
She was the in charge of three large regions in Karnataka, including modern Bijapur district and earned admiration of her king and overlord Singhana II.
eowager Countess Hodierna of Jerusalem of Tripoli (Lebanon)
The third daughter of Queen Morphia (dp.1129) and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (d.1131), and sister of Melisende, Alice and Joveta. Hodierna was married to Count Raymond II of Tripoli. Her reckless way of life led to doubts about the legitimacy of her daughter Melisende. Hodierna's husband Raymond tried to keep her confined in seclusion. In 1152 Hodierna's sister, Queen Melisende of Jerusalem intervened and managed to have the two reconciled. But Hodiern'a husband was murdered outside the gates of Tripoli only days after. Hodierna assumed regency of Tripoli for her 12 years old son Raymond III, though guardianship of the boy was given to King Baldwin III. Hordierna died ca. 1161.

1152-84 Countess Abbess Adelheid IV von Sommerschenburg of Gandersheim (Germany)
The Pfalzgräfin or Countess Palentine was in close contact with Hildgard von Bingen, whom she has brought up.

1154-65 Co-Reigning Countess Consort Constance of France of Toulouse (France)
Her first husband, Count Eustache IV.of Boulogne, Duke of Normandie and Heir to the English Throne died in 1153 and the following year she married Raimondo V of Toulouse. She was the first Countess of Toulouse to use the title of Duke, she often signed official documents with the title Regina or Dux Narbonnæ, but at her seal she used the title Ducissa. The couple was divorced 1165. She was daughter of king Louis VI in his second marriage to Adelaide de Savoie, the mother of four children, and lived (ca. 1124-ca. 80).

1155-80 Reigning Abbess Audeburge de Haute-Bruyère  of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Haute-Bruyère is a city in present day's Belgium.

1155 Hereditary Countess Judith von Hernstein of Falkenstein and Hernstein (Germany)
After the death of her father, Count Herrand II von Falkenstein, she delegated her rights to Falkenstein and Hernstein to Duke Otto. She was first married to Nizo von Raitenbach (d. ca. 1183) and Albero Wolf von bocksberg (d. ca. 1230) and mother of Konrad von Hohenfels (d. 1233) and Albero Wolf von Bocksberg (b. ca. 1230). Neither the date of her birth or death is known.

1156-66 Joint Ruler Queen Margarita de Navarra of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1166-72 Regent Dowager Queen of Sicily and Malta
Daughter of King Garcia VI and married to Guillermo I, Prince of Capua, before becoming co-king in 1151. Regent for son Guillermo II (b. 1154-). Since 1167 the sources name her as co-regent and in 1168 a regency council consisting of 10 people was formed, with her has head. She lived (1128/35-82).

1156 Sovereign Dame Mathilde-Mahaut de Bourgogne of Montpensier and Comtesse de Grigon (France)
The dughter of Dame Agnès de Thiern (around 1140), she lived (1150-1192).

1056-1116 Sovereign Countess Gertrud of Haldensleben (Germany)
Succeeded her uncle, Wilhelm as Countess of Haldensleben and her territory were incorporated into the Duchy of Sachsen. Married to Count Friedrich von Formbach, who was killed in 1059, and Duke Ordulf von Sachsen (1020-72), and was a central figure in the Saxon opposition against king Heinrich IV, who held her prisoner around 1076. 

1156/57 Rebellion Leader Queen Sugala Devi in Sri Lanka
She raised the standard of revolt in Ruhuna against Parakrama Bahu the Great (CE 1153-1186), who had become sole monarch of Lanka She was gradually driven to the south of the island by the royal army operating in Uva, and her defeat was ensured by the arrival of other forces from Sabaragamuwa and the western sea coast. Sugala Devi herself was captured and the revolt collapsed.

1157-ca.58 Regent Dowager Queen Berengela Raimondo de Barcelona of Castilla, Leon and Galicia (Spain)
The widow of king Alfonso II (1105-57), she was in charge of the government in the name of her son, King Fernando II (1137-57-88). She lived (1105-57).

1160-80 Sovereign Countess Tiburge II of Orange (France)
Succeeded father Guillaume II and was succeeded by great-aunt, Tiburge III who had been joint ruler since 1173.

1160-97 Sovereign Countess Marguerite de France of Véxin (France)
Daughter of King Louis VII of France and first married Henri Court-Martel, Prince of England, Duke of Normandie (d. 1183) - the son her father's ex-wife Leonore of Aquitaine, and secondly with King Béla III of Hungary. She lived (1155-97). 

Until 1160 Sovereign Countess Sophia von Winzenburg (Germany)
Married to Albrecht der Bär, Count von Ballenstedt, Lord of der Mark Lausitz, Margrave of Saxony (1124-38), Duke of Saxony (1137-41), Margrave of Brandenburg (1140-70), Margrave von Stade, Count von Aschersleben, (1096/1100-70) and mother of 13 children, she (d. 25.03.1160).

1160-61 Princess-Abbess Meregart of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was followed on the post by Pfalzgräfin Adelheid von Sachsen-Sommerschenburg.

1161-84 Princess-Abbess Adelheid III von Sommerschenburg of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Daughter of Pfalzgraf Friedrich II of Sachsen-Sommerschenburg and Luitgard von Stade. She was the sole heir of her brother Adalbert von Sommerschenburg, who died 1179, but since she had no chance of prevailing against Heinrich der Löwe, who saw the chance of strengthening his position in the Eastern part of Germany, she sold her rights to the Archbishop of Magdeburg. She was also Abbess of Gandersheim (1152-53), and lived (1130/35-84).

1162-1228 Sovereign Countess Beatrix of Grenoble and Albon, Dauphine Viennois (France)
At the age of one, she succeeded father Guigues V and from ca. 1179 she reigned jointly with husbands Albéric Taillefer, Count de Saint Gilles, from 1183 with Duke Hugues III de Bourgogne, who died 1192 and the following with Hugues de Coligny-Revermont (d. 1205), and succeeded by son André Guigues VI, who took over as Dauphin of  Viennois and Count d'Albon around 1202. Mother of three children, and lived (1162-1228).

1162-63 Regent Marguerite of Viennois and Dauphiné (France)
Regent for niece for one year, until her own death. 

1162-79 Regent Dowager Countess Beatrix di Montferrato of Grenoble, d'Albon and Viennois (France)
Took over the reins for daughter, Beatrix, who succeeded to the county at the age of one. Beatrix di Montferrato lived (ca. 1142-1228).

1164-78 Dowager Khanum Regnant Yelü Pusuwan Chengtian Taihou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan) 
Also known as Empress Chengtian, Cheng Tian Hou) of Qara Khitai she was sister of Yelü Yilie, who ruled as emperor Liao Renzong in 1151-64. In the 1120s China's Liao Dynasty was ousted by the Liaos, or Khitans, and were driven west into Central Asia,  where, after defeating the Seljuq Turks of Persia under the Sultan Sanjar in 1141, they founded the Qara-Khitai Empire with Samarkand as its capital covering present day's Mongolia, Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other central Asian territories. The khanate was weakened in about 1200 by attacks from the Khwarizm shahdom and in 1218 it collapsed precipitately when the Mongols invaded. The governmental institutions of Qara Khitai were taken over by the Mongols to form the foundations of their own imperial administration.   

1163 Reigning Dame Theodora Komnena of Acre (Israel)
She was given the Lordship as dowry after her first husband, King Badouin III d'Anjou of Jerusalem had been killed. Daugter of Prince Isaak Comnenos of Byzantine and his second wife Irene Diplosynadena Komnena. In 1167 Emperor Andronikos I of Byzantine arrived in Acre and they became lovers, since they were too closely related to be allowed to marry. Her relatives interweened and Andronikos returned to Constantinople and she vacated her lands and fled alone to Damascus, where Nur ed-Din recived her friendly. She spend the following years travelling through the Ismalic countries and even visited Baghdad. She was given a Castle by an Emir close to the Paphlagonian boarder, where Andronikos, who had been excummunicated, lived a happy life as robber. They apparently married, and she became mother of a daughter, Irene. It is not known what happned to her fater Andronikos was murdered in 1185, but it is belived that she lived (1145-ca. 1217).

1163-ca. 81 Princess-Abbess Gude of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
The Benedictine chater for ladies of noble birth of Belisia/Bilzen (an enclave in Loon) was founded ca 670. In the course of time the abbesses gained some temporal power, becoming ladies of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen in Limburg.

1163-70 Reigning Abbess Lutgard I of Herford (Germany)
The abbey was founded 820 and in 1147 the Ecclesiastical Territory was granted Reichsunmittelbarkeit - or semi-sovereign status. There is a gap in the list of abbesses from 1170 to 1212.

1164 Regent Dowager Margravine Kundigunde von Chamb-Vohburg of Steiermark (Austria)
After the death of her husband, Ottokar III (1124-29-64) she ruled the margravate for son Otokar IV (1164-92), Margrave of Styria (Steiermark). Her husband was a member of the Marburg line of the Counts of Sponheim, he inherited parts of Lower Styria between the Drave and Save rivers in what is today Slovenia. He participated in the Second Crusade. Her son later became Duke and was the last of the Ottokar Line and the the territory was the inherited by the Barbenberg Dukes of Austria.

1164-76 Regent Dowager Countess Mechtild von Schwarzburg-Käfernburg of Holstein-Wagrien (Germany)
After her husband Adolf II was killed in battle, she was regent for son Adolf III (ca. 1160-1225) and trough many years she was in dispute with the counts of Badwide-Ratzeburg about the succession and the Slaws. Daughter of Count Sizzo III von Schwarzburg-Käfrnburg and Gisela von Berg. (ca. 1130-93).  

Before 1165-79 Dame Abbesse Mathildis of Remiremont (France)    
She was head of the Benedictine doubble monestary which housed both chanonisses and chanons.

Ca. 1165-76 Sovereign Countess Sofia von Rheineck of Bentheim (Germany)
Succeeded mother, Gertrud von Northeim, who had been in charge of the county since the death of her husband, Otto I von Rheineck and Bentheim in 1150. Sophie's brother, Otto, had been killed the year before. Her mother had been politically active already since the death of her first husband 1113, trying to secure the inheritance of her oldest sons. Sophie married Dirk VI of Holland, and her second son, Otto, became Count of Bentheim around 1166. She died on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1176.

1166-after 1208 Sovereign Countess Maria Komnena of Nablus (Israel)
Married first husband, king Amalric I of Jerusalem, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon (1135-1162/3-74), after his divorce from Agnes de Courtenay, and was given Nablus as her dower lands. After his death she married Lord Balian d'Ibelin, Lord of Nablus and Cayman and became mother of two sons and two daughters by him. Their marriage was a happy one, and she played a substantial role in her husband's party against the machinations of the opposing party led by her husband's first wife Agnes. Maria’s daughter Isabella succeeded to the throne of Jerusalem in 1192 after Guy de Lusignan was forced to abdicated. Then followed the death of Conrad of Montferrato, whom her husband Balian had supported for the past four years. In 1208 she conducted the marriage negotiations with Cyprus for her grand-daughter, Alice of Champagne (Isabella’s daughter), who was to marry Hugh, son of Amalric II of Jerusalem (who was also her step-brother as his father was her mother Isabella’s fourth husband). Blanche of Navarre, Countess of Champagne, provided the dowry for Alice. Maria was the grandniece of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus of Constantinople (d.1180).

1166-67 Sovereign Countess Dulcia II of Province and Melgueil, Vicomtesse de Gevaudan and Rodez (France)
Also known as Dulce, she succeeded Raymond Berenguer III of Province. In the period 1162-1196 her cousin, King Alfonso II of Aragón, occupied Barcelona and from 1167 also Province. She was engaged to Raimond VI de Toulouse, and lived (ca. 1165-1172).

1166-67 Regent Dowager Countess Richsa of Poland of Province (France)
She was in charge of the government during her infant Dulcia's brief reign. Richsa was daughter of Duke Wladyslaw II. of Poland, of Krakow and Schlesia, and Agnes of Austria and first married to king Alphonso VII of Castilla-Leon and mother of two children by him, who both predeceased their father. After his death in 1157 she went to the court of Raimondo Berenger IV's court in Barcelona, whose son, Alphonso II of Aragon had been engaged to her daughter. In 1161 she married Raymond Berenguer III of Province and after his death in five years later, she married Count Albrecht II. von Everstein (d. 1197), an ally of her mother's cousin Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa. She lived (1130/40-1185).

1167-82 Sovereign Countess Élisabeth of Vermandois, Valois and Crépy (France)
Also known as Isabelle, she was the oldest sister of Raoul II she was married to Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders, who participated in a cruisade. She did not have any children and Vermandois was inherited by her husband and Valois by her sister Éleonore, who became Countess of Vermandois after Philippes death in 1191. Élisabeth lived (1143-82). 

1167 Sovereign Countess Adelheid von Loccum of Hallermund (Germany)
She was daughter of Count Wilbrand I von Loccum-Hallermund and Beatrix on Rheineck, and first married Count Konrad von Wasse, Vizthum von Hildesheim and secondly Count Günther von Käfernburg und Hallermund. Mother of two sons and two daughters.

1170/72 Regent Dowager Sultan Turhan of Hwarizim Sahi of Uiguristan (China and Kazakstan)
Regent for Sultan Sah Abd’l Quasim Mahmud 1170/72, who was deposed as ruler of the kingdom. The origin of Uigur ethnic group can be traced back to the nomadic people living around Lake Baikal and the area between the Irtish River and Lake Balkhash in the third century B.C. During the long history, these people amalgamated the north and south Xinjiang (China), Mongolian, Han and Tibetan clans. And the present Uigur ethnic group came into being. The Uigur has its own language and alphabet, which belongs to the Turki Austronesian, Altai Phylum. In their language, "Uigur" means "solidification and union". The Uigurs rely heavily on agriculture as their main source of survival. They plant cotton, wheat, corn and paddy. The largest grape base of China is also located in the Turpan Basin.

1170-1201 Sovereign Dame Arnalda de Caboët of Andorra
Her father, Arnau de Caboet, had been given the Valley of Andorra as a fief by the Bishop of Urgell. Her mother, Sancha de Castellbò was daughter of Pierre Raymond, Viscount de Higher Urgell and Vicomtesse Sibylle de Cerdagne. Arnalda married Viscount Arnau de Castellbò-Cerdagne (1155-1226), and they were succeeded by daughter, Viscountess Ermessenda de Castellbò i Carboet, who married Roger Bernard II of Foix in 1208, and Andorra was inherited by the houses of Foix, Bearn and Navarra. Arnalda lived (1164-1201).

1170-73 Sovereign Viscounts Marie of Béarn and d'Oloron, Brulhois and Gabarret and Countess of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded brother, Gaston V and reigned together with husband, Guillaume I de Moncarde and was succeeded by son Gaston VI le Bon (1173-1215).

Around 1170 Co-Ruler Countess Emma of Guines (France)
Together with husband, Baldwin I, Count of Manasse.

1171-87/1201 Sovereign Duchess Constance of Bretagne (France)
Succeeded father Conan IV. Her first husband was the son of King Henry of England and Duchess Regnant Leonore of Aquitaine, Geoffrey II Plantagenet was duke 1181-86 (†). Their daughter, Eleanor was Maid of Bretagne but became Countess in her own right of Richmond (1185-1208-41). Constance's second husband was Ranulph de Blundeville, 4th Earl of Chester. They divorced in 1199, and she then married Gui, Viscount de Thouras with whom she had the daughter Alice de Thuars. Gui was in charge of the Duchy until 1212. Constance lived (1161-1201).

From 1171 Possible Regent Dowager Duchess Margaret of Scotland of Bretagne (France)
She possibly acted as regent for daughter Constance who was underage. In 1175 she married Humphrey de Bohun (d. 1182) She was sister of the kings Malcom IV and William I of Scotland. Mother of one daughter of her first husband, and a son by her second, Henry, who was created 1st Earl of Hereford. She was daughter of Henry of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumberland and Ada de Warenne, and lived (ca. 1145-1201).

1171-1218 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I of Bourbon (France)
Succeeded father Archambaud VIII and reigned jointly with husband Gui II de Dampierre 1200-15. Succeeded by son Archambaud IX. 

1171-87 Sovereign Princess Eschiva I of Galilée and Triberias (Israel)
Daughter of Guilllaume II (1148-58) and first married to, Gautier de Fauqenberge (Falkenberg) de Saint-Omer) (1159-71) who reigned Galiæa, Galiea, as prince. 1173 she married Raimond III of Tripoli, and in 1179 she payed a ransum of 50.000 turkish Dinars (Lira) for her son, Hugo, who was taken prisoner by Sultan Saladin. 1187 the sultan conquered the main city of Tiberias. Her second husband and his sons was in the army of the King, but she send a messenger to tell him what was happening and she maintained the defence of the castle, but in the end she surendered to Saladin, who allowed her and her court to move to Tripoli. Mother of four sons by her first husband. (d. after 1187).

1172 Military Leader Countess Alrude of Bertinoro (Italy)
She led an army to break the siege of Aucona, and forced the Imperial forces to abandon the siege and engaged in several battles on her return to her castle.

1173-87 Sovereign Baroness Stephanie de Milly of Oultrejourdain, Montreal et Corache (Israel)
The eldest daughter of Philip of Milly, Lord of Nablus and Isabella, daughter of Maurice, Lord of Oultre-Jourdan. Her first husband Humphrey III of Toron held varied positions of power within the Kingdom. After his death in 1170, she married Miles of Plancy (d.1174). Through her marriages, Stephanie had managed to acquire two important crusader garrisons: Kerak (not to be confused with Krak des Chevaliers) and Montreal. When Stephanie was besieged within Kerak by Nur ed-Din, she sent for assistance, and was rescued by her first father-in-law Hunphrey II of Toron (d.1179). In 1174 she married Reynald of Chatillon. When Saladin besieged and retook Jerusalem, Stephaine's son Humphrey was amongst the ransomed captives. Stephanie asked for the release of her son and Saladin agreed to release him only on surrender of Kerak and Montreal - both garrisons refused. Stepahine duly returned her son to Saladin, who released him soon afterwards.

Around 1173 Sovereign Baroness Lucia of Botrum (Israel)
A Latin crusader-state in the Holy Land.

1173-1214 Sovereign Countess Ide of Boulonge (France)
Ide's mother, Marie de Blois, was Countess of Boulonge until her divorce from Mathieu d'Alsace in 1170. He continued to reign as count until his death in 1173. Ide married Mathieu II with Philippe d'Alsace as regent. Matheiu II died in 1180 and she married Count Gerhard III van Gelders, Duke Berthold IV von Zähringen (or possibly Berthold V) and finally Count Rainald I. von Dammartin-en-Goelo, who were all joint regents. Ide's sister, Mathilde, inherited the estates in England that their mother had inherited from her father, King Stephen. Ide was succeeded by daughter, Countess Mahaut II (Mathilde) de Dammartin et Boulonge in 1214, and lived (1161-1214/16).

1173-82 Sovereign Countess Tiburge III of Orange (France)
The daughter of Tiburge I, she reigned jointly with Tiburge II until, the granddaughter of her brother Raimbaud III

1174-84 Politically Influential Ex-Queen Agnes de Courtenay of Jerusalem (Israel)
After the death her ex-husband, king Amalrich in 1174, her son, Badouin IV became king and she returned to Jerusalem were she became very influential even during the reign of her grandson, Badouin V, and she was a leading figure in the "Court Party" which took part in the political maneuvering of the time. She was first married to Rainald, Prince of Marasch, killed in battle 1149, secondly to Hugh d'Ebelin, Lord of Rahmala, whom she divorced. Her second marrige to her second cousin, King Amalrich I. of Jerusalem was dissolved in 1162 because they were too closely related and she finally married Rainald de Sidon. Mother of two children by her third husband, she was the daughter of count Joscelin II. of Edessa and der Beatrice.

1175-81 Regent Dowager Countess Mahaut de Bourgogne of Auxerre, Nevers and Tonnerre (France)
1170 she married Count Guy, who was involved in various wars - first he accompanied King Louis VII of France during his campaign against Baron Geoffroy IV de Donzy and in 1174 he was involved in a fight against Duke Hugues II of Bourgogne because she - and her mother-in-law - had advised him not to pay homage to the Duke for the possessions he held in Bourgogne. He lost the fight, was taken prisoner but was freed after she payed his ransom, but died soon after, making her regent for her son, Guillaume V, who died as a child and was succeeded by sister, Agnès, after her uncle, Renaud, had renounced his rights in her favour.

1177-82 Sovereign Countess Valença of Pallars-Jussá (Spain)
In charge of Pallars Jussa in succession to her father, Raimondo V, who had succeeded his father, who succeeded a distant relative, Valença was succeeded by another distant relative, Dolça de So.

1177-1206 Sovereign Dame Meselinde of Arsuf (Israel)
Her husband, Jean I d'Ibelin was Lord of Beirut and Ausuf until his death in 1236. Succeeded by two sons.

1177-80 Reigning Abbess Tutta II von Falkenstein of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Probably member of the Countly family of Falkenstein bei Brannenburg in Bayern.

1178-84 Joint Ruler Queen Tamar of Georgia
1184-1213 The Most High Queen, by the will of our Lord, King and Queen of Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
Thamar or Tamara was member of the royal house of Bagrationi, she was 19 years old when her father Grigori III had her crowned co-ruler, and when he died she became the sole ruler of Georgia. Despite the fact that she was 25 on her accession, Tamar was placed under the official guardianship of her father's sister Rusudani. She dealt with the various factions within the nobility by giving commands of provinces to important generals and prominent nobles. During her reign the kingdom reached the apex of its political, economic and cultural might. A unique Georgian Christian Culture flourished in this multinational state, exalted by great building projects. After the conquest of Byzantium by the Fourth Crusaders in 1204, Tamar sent troops to Trebizond and Kerasund in support of her relative, Alexios Comnenus, who would become Byzantine Emperor 1205. She personally led the Georgian forces and routed the Turks at the battle of Basiani. From here on, she pursued a policy of military aggression - Kars surrendered in 1205 and her son Grigori was made Governor; she exerted her hold over the local Muslim semi-protectorates; received tribute from some of the southern Russians provinces. In 1209 The Emir of Ardabil attacked Georgia, slaughtering 12.000 Georgians and enslaving thousands more. Tamar took her revenge the following year - she took the Emir of Ardabil by surprise, killing him, and as warnings to others who might threaten Georgi, Tamar's troops began raiding deep into North Persia and other surrounding regions. Married 1185 and divorced two years later to Prince Giorgi of Novgorod and then in 1189 she married King Davit-Soslani of Ossetia (d. 1207). Succeded frist by son, Giorgi IV Lasha, and then by daughter Rusudan in 1223. Tamar lived (1159-1213).

1178-90 Sovereign Countess Beatrix III Stephanie of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded father, Centule III and reigned jointly with husbands Pierre II de Dax and Bernard IV de Comminges, who died in 1226. She was succeeded by daughter, Petronille.

1178-... Regent Dowager Rani Naikidevi of Chalukyas (Chauleskyas) (India)
When Mohammed Ghori attacked the Chalukyas, the king was only an infant; his mother Naikidevi became the regent and led her troops to war and defeated Ghori.

1179-80 Regent Dowager Rani Karpura Devi of Ajmer (in Rajastan) (India)
Situated in the heart of Rajastan desert, Ajmer has a blend of Sufi
culture and Hindu religion. Ajmer has always been a strategic
place for the Rajputs, the Mughals and the Marathas. Ajmer was the seat of administration for the Chauhans till Prithviraj was defeated in 1193 by Mohammad Ghori. It then became a part of the Delhi Sultanate. However, Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Raja Maldeo again established Rajput rule over Ajmer.

1180-82 (†) Regent Dowager Empress Xenia-Maria de Antiochia of Constantinople (Cowering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Constance of Antiochia (d.1162) and Raymond de Poitiers, and took over the regency for her son Alexius II (1180-82). Maria took a lover, her advisor Alexius Comnenus. But Maria's regency was opposed by her stepdaughter Maria Komnena (daughter of Manuel by a former wife) and her husband Ranier de Monferrato. Andronicus Comnenus was sent for by popular acclaim and was crowned co-Emperor. He eventually assumed total control of Constantinople. Maria was condemned to be strangled, and her son forced to sign the warrant by new Emperor Andronicus. Her son was murdered two months later. She lived (1145-82).

1180 Regent Dowager Landgavine Jutta Hohenstaufen von Schwaben of Thüringen (Germany)
In 1150 she married Ludwig II (1128-72) and in 1168 she initiated the building of the burough of Weeissensee as a princly residence. When her sons; Landgrave Ludwig (1172-90) and Hermann and were taken prisoners by Heinrich dem Löwen (Henry the Bear), she ruled the Landgravate. Her high position shows in the mentioning of her name in various official documents isued by her husband, and when her second son Hermann I succeeded his brother as Landgrave (1190-1217) he called him self - among his many other titles "Son of the Landgravine Jutta, who is a sister of Emperor Freiderich I." She was the sister of Friedrich III Barbarossa, Duke of Swabia (1147-52), King of Italy (1154-86), King of Germany (1152-90), Comte de Bourgogne (1156-90), King of Bourgogne 1178 (d. 1190), mother of four sons and one daughter, and lived (ca. 1135-1190).

1180-90 Sovereign Dame Isabelle de Hainault of Artois (France/Belgium)
Daughter of Baudouin V-VIII of Flanders and Hainault and Margareta of Flanders. She was married to king Philippe II August of France, and her son, Louis, was created Count d'Artois. She died after having given birth stillborn twins, and lived (1170-90). After her death her husband first married Ingeborg of Denmark, but their marriage broke down in 1200 and he then married Agnès de Méranie, but also this marriage was repudiated.

1180-96 Sovereign Countess Havoise of Aumale (France)
Succeeded father Guillaume I and reigned jointly with three husbands; William de Mandeville, Earl of Essex until 1189, Geoffroi des Forts until 1191, and Baudouin de Choques until 1196.After her death, the French king reigned the county until 1200.

1180-1208 Sovereign Countess Mahaut Taillefer of La Marche and Angoulême (France)
Also known as Mathilde, she fist succeeded a relative, Aldebert V, in La Marche. In Angouleme, she succeeded father, Vougrin II Taillefer, who had been deposed by king Richard of England in 1179. Her two brothers succeeded each others as pretenders to the county and she was succeeded by niece, Isabella, who claimed the title after her father's death in 1202. In La Marche Mahaut reigned jointly with her husband Hugues de Luisignan (d. 1206).

1180-90 Reigning Abbess Adelheid I von Wolffershausen of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Wolffershausen was a village in Thüringen.

Ca. 1180-1215/17 Reigning Abbess Eilica of Herford (Germany)
She was succeeded by Gertrud II zur Lippe, who was in office until 1233.

Around 1180s Dame Abbesse Cunegundes of Remiremont (France)    
The chronology for the period is not clear, and therefore the exact dates of her reign is not known.

Around 1180s Dame Abbesse Euphemia of Remiremont (France)    
She was Lady of the City of Remiremont and more than 70 other seigneurities in the surrounding.

1180-89 Reigning Abbess Gilles/Gillette of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
The chapter was founded in 1101, and was unique in the way that the community was placed directly under the Pope and the King of France. The monks in the dubble-convent was commanded by a Prior under the control of the Abbess.

1181-92 Sovereign Countess Agnès of Auxerre, Tonnerre and Nevers, Dame de Donzy  (France)
The daughter of Count Guy I. de Nevers-Auxerre-Tonnerre (d.1175) and Mahaut/Mathilde de Bourgogne-Grignon, she succeeded her brother Guillaume V, and became the first of a succession of female rulers, which lasted for more than a century. She spend three years at the court of the king of France, who married her to the grandson of King Louis VI of France, Pierre II de Courtenay, Emperor of Constantinople (1216-19), and succeeded by her only daughter Mathilde, who was head of all three counties (1195-1257). Agnes lived (Ca. 1170-92).

1179-81 Regent Countess Marie de France of Blois-Champagne and Troyes (France)
1181-87 and 1190-98 Regent Dowager Countess
She first took over the government when her husband went on prillgrimage to Jerusalem. 1180 her father died and her half-brother Philippe became king. He confiscated the dower lands of his mother Adele (also Marie's sister-in-law) and then married Isabelle of Hainaut, who had been previously betrothed to her eldest son. This prompted her to join a party of disgruntled nobles - including Queen Adele and the archbishop of Reims - in plotting against Philippe. Eventually, relations between her and her royal brother improved. Her husband returned from the Holy Land, but died almost immediately. Now a widow with four young children, she considered marrying Philip of Flanders, but the engagement was broken off suddenly for unknown reasons. After her husbands death, she acted as regent until her son, Henri II, came of age. However, he left to go on Crusade, and she once again served as regent in his absence until his death 1197 she retired to the nunnery of Fontaines-les-Nones near Meaux, and died there the following year. She was a patron of literature and maintained her own library. She was daughter of King Louis VII of France and Duchess Elenonore d'Aquitanie, her sister Alix was regent of Blois from 1191. She was mother of 4 children, and lived (1145-98).

1181-before 1203 Princess-Abbess Gertrude of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
Her background is not known.

1182-92 Sovereign Countess Dolça de So of Pallars-Jussá (Spain)
She succeeded Doña Valença. In 1192 Bajo Pallars was incorporated into Cataluña-Aragón.

1183-91 Sovereign Countess Eléonore of Valois
1185-1214 Sovereign Countess of Saint-Quentin and Péronne
1191-1214 Sovereign Countess of Vermandois  (France)
After the death of her sister, Élisabeth, she claimed the county of Vermandois, but her brother-in-law Philippe d'Alsace, refused to give it up, but after long debates she was allowed to keep the county of Valois, but engaged in warfare with him. In 1185 seeded Saint-Quentin and Péronne to her and after he died 1191 exchanged Vermandois for Valois which king Philippe-Augste. She was married to Godefroy de Hainault, Comte d'Ostervant (d. 1163) and Guillaume IV, Comte de Nevers, but as she had no children her fiefs reverted to the French crown. She lived (1152-1214).

1183-92 Regent Dowager Princess Agnes van Loon-Rieneck of Bavaria (Germany) 
She was widow of Otto I and V, Duke of Bavaria and Palentine of Wittelsbach and acted as a forceful regent for son, Ludwig, Duke of Bavaria (1174-83-1231), and managed to secure his inheritance. The mother of 9 surviving children, she lived (1150-91).

1184-? Regent Princess Rusudani of Georgia
She acted as regent after the accession to the throne of her niece, Queen Tamar, and as her advisor for the first years of her reign.

1184-ca. 1240 Sovereign Baroness Marie Sans-Avoir of Pry (Israel)  
Married to Jean I de Fabarel.

1184-1203 Princess-Abbess Agnes II von Ostmark und Meissen of Quedlinburg (Germany)
She was daughter of Margrave Konrad I and Luitgard. She lived (before 1145-1203).

1184-96  Countess Abbess Adelheid V von Hessen of Gandersheim (Germany)
Her title was "Edle" or Noble.

1185-92 Queen Sibylla d'Anjou of Jerusalem, Countess of Jaffa (Israel)
Countess of Jaffa from 1175, she succeeded her son, Baldwin V, and ruled jointly with husband prince Guy de Lusignan of Cyprus. She was crowned as Queen and then immediately crowned Guy as King.

1185 Lady Aoife MacMurrough of Leinster, Countess of Ireland  
Also known as Eva, she was daughter of Diarmit macDonnchada Macmurchada, King of Leinster and Mor ingen Muirchertaig O'Toole. She was married to Richard Strong de Clare Strongbow FitzGilbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke and mother of Isabel de Clare, Countess of Strigoil and Pembroke, who lived (1174-1220).

1186-1227 Sovereign Countess Alix of Eu, Lady of Hastings (France)
Succeeded brother, Raoul I and reigned jointly with husband Raoul II de Lusignan-Issoudun and was succeeded by son Raoul III. She was daughter of Henri, Count d'Eu and Lord of Hastings and Maud de Warenne. She (d. 1246).

1187-1194/98 Regent Dowager Duchess Anastazja of Poland of Pommern-Slawien-Stettin (Pomorze) (Poland)
1233-39 Possible Regent of Slawien-Stettin
Following the death of her husband, Duke Bogislav von Pommern (Bogusław I of Pomorze), she was regent for her sons Bogislaw II and Kasimir II jointly with with Wartislaw II as joint guardian, who sought to have the fief renewed by King Knud of Denmark but also made ties with the German rulers. As it came to a riot against the Danish rule, Knud made a raid to Slawien and replaced Wartislaw with Prince Jaromar von Rügen, whose power she tried to curb. After her son came of age she continued to be active, granting lands to convents etc. She might have taken over as Guardian after her daugther-in-law, Miroslawa died in 1233 leaving her son, Barnim I. (1219-20-78), who was still a minor. Also known as Anastasia, she was daughter of Mieszko III Stary Duke of Wielkopolska and Princess Eudoksja of Russia After 1198 she was still politically active, and lived (before 1164-after 1240).

1187-1219 Sovereign Lady Juliana Grenier of Caesarea (Israel)
Succeded brother, Gautier II

1187-90 Reigning Abbess María Sol of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
Also known as Misol, she was the first abbess of the Monastery, and at a General Chapter of the Cistercians held in 1189, she was made Abbess General of the Order for the Kingdom of Leon and Castile, with the privilege of convoking annually a general chapter at Burgos.

1189-95 De-Facto Ruler Empress Li Ciyi of China
Her husband Guangzong (ruled 1189-95) was mentally unstable, and his continued illness created a vacuum for Empress Li to become a force in court politics. She proved to be irresponsible, arrogant, and temperamental and alienated officials. She was able to give positions to numerous members of her family and others whom she favored. After she was implicated in the assassination of her husband’s favorite concubine in 1191, the emperor worsened and eventually, the officials forced Empress Dowager Wu to name a new emperor in 1195. She lived (1144-1200).

1189-94 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II de Flandre of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Member of the Countly family of Flanders.

1190-1205 Queen Isabella I de Lusignan of Jerusalem (Israel)  
The first two years she claimed the throne from her sister. Ruled jointly together with three husbands - the first one was Conrad de Monferrato, with whom she had her first daughter, Maria. Her second husband and co-ruler was Henri de Champagne (1192), father of Alice and Philippa. Her third husband was Amalric de Lusignan, father of Sibylla and Melisende and a son, who died in 1205, after which first her husband and then she self died. Succeeded by oldest daughter.

1189-94 Reigning Abbess Mathilde II de Flandre of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
The chapter was founded in 1101, and was unique in the way that the community was placed directly under the Pope and the King of France. The monks in the dubble-convent was commanded by a Prior under the control of the Abbess.

1190-91 Regent Dowager Queen Adèle de Blois-Champagne of France
The third wife of Louis VII (1120-37-80), she was in charge of the government during her son, Philippe II August's participation in the crusades at the time. Louis' first wife was Duchess Eleanore d'Aquitaine, the second Constance of Castilla. Alix lived (1140-1206).

1190-91 Regent Countess Alix de France of Blois-Chartres (France)
She was regent when her husband , Theobald, left for the East until his death one year later and he was succeeded by their 18 year old son, Louis I of Blois (1172-1205). Her sister Marie was married to Theobald's brother, Henri, the Count of Champagne, and acted as regent several times from 1179. Their parents, King Louis VII of France and Eleonore of Aquitaine divorced soon after her death and the sisters grew up with their father, while their mother married King Henry II of England. Among her 7 children was Alix of Blois, abbess of Fontevrault Alix de France lived (1150–97/98)

1190-1251 Sovereign Countess Petronille of Bigorre (France)
Succeeded mother Beatrix III Stephanie, and reigned jointly with her husbands Gaston VI de Bearn, Gui de Montfort, Aymar de Rançon and Boson de Mastas. She was succeeded first by grandson and then by granddaughter, Constance in 1283.

1190-97 Reigning Abbess Bertha von Frontenhausen of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Apparently member of the ancient Frankish noble family the Luitpoldings.

1190-1205 Reigning Abbess-General María Gutiérrez I of the Monastery of Santa Maria la Real de las Huelgas in Burgos (Spain)
She exercised an unlimited secular authority over more than fifty villages, held her own courts, granted letters dismissorial for ordination, and issued licenses authorizing priests, within the limits of her abbatial jurisdiction, to hear confessions, to preach, and to engage in the cure of souls. She was privilege also to confirm Abbesses, to impose censures, and to convoke synods.

1190 Heiress Jutta von Thüringen of Altenwied, Bilstein und Neu-Windeck and the Pfalzgrafschaft Sachsen (Germany)
Only child of Landgrave Ludwig III of Thüringen and Margrete von Kleve, she married Dietrich, Count of Wettin Groitzsch (1159-1207). Their second daughter, Mathilde was Heiress of Altenwied and married Heinrich II von Sayn. Jutta lived (ca. 1175-after 1208/16).

1191-94 Queen Regnant Berenguela of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Berengaria or Berengere, she succeeded her father King Sancho VI and was succeeded by brother, Sancho VII, and married to Richard I Lionhart of England and became known as Queen Berengere or Berengaria. Her sister later Blanca was regent of Champagne from 1201 and later of Navarrawhen their brother went into "retirement".  Berenguela did not have any children, and lived (1163-1230).

1191-94 Sovereign Countess Margaretha d'Alsass I of Flanders (Belgium)
Also known as Marguerite, she was the oldest daughter of Dirk van Flanders and Sibylle d’Anjou, and succeeded her brother Philippe d'Alsass (Elsaß). The king of France attempted to secure Flanders for his son Louis, but the population of Brugge and other major cities recieved her and her second husband, Baudouin VIII of Hainault (1150-1195) with enthusiasm, and he recieved the fief in her name by the Holy Roman Emperor. First married to Count Raoul II de Vermandois. One of her six children was Henri, who became Latin Emperor of Constantinople. She  lived (1145-94).

1191-98 Sovereign Countess Catherine of Clermont (France)
Daughter of Raoul I Count of Clermont en Beauvoisis (1130-91) and married to Louis de Blois, Count of Chartres (1166-1205), and succeeded by son, Thibault. She was born before 1176.

Ca. 1191-1203 Sovereign Baroness Sophie van Voeren-Montaigue of Ravenstein (Netherlands)
She reigned the small barony in the northeast of the Dutch province of Brabant, on the left bank of the Maas jointly with Albert of Cuijk ca. 1191-1233.

1191-ca. 96 Dame Abbesse Clémence de Lunéville of Remiremont (France)
Member of a noble family from Lorraine, where the chapter was also situated.

1192-1200 Hereditary Burgravine Sophie von Raabs of Raabs zu Nürnberg, Lady of Cadolzburg, Raabs and Abensberg (Germany)
Sophie Gräfin von Raabs, Erb–Burggräfin von Nürnberg was heiress of Nürnberg, Cadolzburg, Raabs and Abensberg, and after the death of her father of Konrad II, her husband, Count Friedrich I von Zollern was appointed Burgrave zu Nürnberg by Emperor Heinrich VI. After her husband's death in 1200 she sold the Market of Raabs and the countly rights to Duke Leopold of Austria, but the western part, with the main city of Litschau, was inherited by her sister Agnes and her husband, Count Gebhart Hirschberg-Tollenstein (Oberpfalz-Nordgau), whose son, Gebhart the Younger, sold the counties of Litschau and Heidenreichstein to Duke Albrecht I of Austria in 1297. Sophie was mother of two sons, who became ancestors of the two lines of the Hohenzollern-family, and a daughter. She lived (1170/75-1218).

Around 1193 Rani Regnant Kurmardevi of Mewad (India)
She inherited the principality in Rajasthan after her husband's death and battled Kutubuddin. The Kingdom's name is also spelled Mevad.

1193-98 Sovereign Baroness Agnes de Giblet of Adelon (Israel)
Co-ruler with husband.

1194 Regent Dowager Queen Sibylla di Medina of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
Daughter of Count Ruggerio di Accera and Caecile de Madania. Married to Tankredo di Lecce, King of Sicilia (1190-94) and regent for son Guillermo III, who succeeded his brother Roger III in 1193. But the supporters of Queen Constanza gained ground and Constanza’s husband, Emperor Heinrich VI, offered her son the position as Count of Lecce in exchange of the royal insignia. But it seems that she got involved in a conspiracy against Heinrich, and therefore she, Guillaume and her three daughters were imprisoned and deported to Germany, where she and the daughters were placed in a convent. After Heinrich's death, they managed to escape to France.

1194-98 Queen Regnant Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
1195-97 Regent of Sicily
1197-98 (28.98-17.05) Sole Ruer of Sicily
Also known as Constance, she was married to Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI and daughter of King Roger II of Sicily. In 1185 she was named possible heiress of Sicily by her nephew King Guillermo II. On his death in 1189, however, the Sicilian nobles, wishing to prevent German rule in Sicily, chose Constance's nephew Tancredo of Lecce as William's successor. Emperor Heinrich VI conducted an unsuccessful campaign in 1191 against Tancred during which Constance was captured but was released because she was pregnant. After Tancred's death in 1194 they were crowned King and Quee of Sicily and she gave birth to her only child, Friedrich. She was named regent in the absence of her husband in 1195 but clearly considered herself to be the rightful heiress and continued the forceful rule of her predecessor. When he died in 1197 she ruled alone for a year. In order to save the throne of Sicily for her infant son, Federico (later Holy Roman emperor as Friedrich II), Constance renounced the German kingship for Frederick and the following year he was crowned as king of Sicily, continuing to act as regent until her death. In her will she had named Pope Inocenz II as guardian for her son. As queen she used the titulature;Constancia dei gracia Romanorum imperatrix semper augusta et regina Sicilie and as regent for her son she added the term; una cum carissimo filio suo Frederico eadem gracia rege Sicilie, ducatus Apulie et Principatus Capue. She lived (1154-1198).

1194-1203/05 Regent Dowager Senior Duchess Elena Znojemska of Poland Minor, Sandomir and Mazowsze-Kujawy (Małopolska and Sandomierz) (Poland)
Also known as Helena  of Bohemia, she ruled in the name of Leszek I 1194-98, 1199-1200 and 1201) and Mieszko III (1998-99 and 1202) and for Wladislaw (1202-06). Poland Minor was also known as Little Poland. 

1194-1203 (†) Regent Countess Adelaide de Toulouse of Carasconne (France)
In charge of the regency for Raymond Roger, who died 1209. 

1194-1216 Sovereign Countess Maria Albina d'Altavilla of Lecce (Italy)
Or Aberia or Elvira, was daughter of King Tancredi of Sicily and Sibilla de Medina d'Acerra, and she was held prisoner in Germany with her mother and sister, but they managed to escape. 1198 her mother married her to Gauthier III de Brienne, who was invested with her father's fief as Prince di Taranto. After his death in 1205 she ruled in the name of their newborn son, Gauthier IV (1205-51 . She later married Giacomo, Seigneur of Sanseverino and after his death Tegrino di Modigliana, Pfalzgraf von Tuszien. Also mother of a daughter, she lived (ca. 1185-1216).

1194-1207 Reigning Abbess Mathilde III de Bohême of the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud (France)
Princess of Bohemia.

1195-1203 De facto Ruler Empress Euphrosyne of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is today Greece and Turkey)
She was married to Alexus III Angelus, a weakling with a lust for power, who mainly busied himself with diplomatic affairs and left the interior with home affairs to her. She proved to be both extravagant and corrupt.

1195-1204 Hereditary Countess Palentine Agnes Hohenstaufen of the Rhein (Germany)
The Pfalzgräfin  by the Rhine was married to Heinrich IX der Welf. 
of Bavaria. Her son was the later Heinrich X of Bavaria and Sachsen. She was daughter of Duke Magnus von Sachsen.

1196-1247 Sovereign Countess Ermensinde II van Namur of Luxembourg, Durbuy and Laroche
In 1186, Henri IV was an old man who expected to die without heirs. He had already named Boudewijn V, Count of Hainault (and later also of Flanders) as his successor. Then his daughter Ermensinde was born. He made her his heir
instead, and a war of succession broke out. The outcome was that Ermensinde became Countess of Luxembourg, Durby and Laroche, and Boudewijn V's second son Philippe became Count of Namur. She was first married to Thibaut I, Count of Bar-Mousson and then to Walram IV, "Duke of Limburg", and trough this marriage Luxembourg and Limburg were politically
reunited. After Walram's death, Countess Ermensinde ruled Luxembourg alone for another 20 years, and lived (1186-1247).

1196-1261 Hereditary Sheriff and 3rd Countess Ela d'Everux of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
1226-28 and 1131-36 Countess of Wiltshire
1240-57 Abbess of Lacock
The daughter of William d'Everux, Earl of Salisbury, she was married to William Longspee, Earl of Salisbury by the right of his wife (d. 1226), natural son of king Henry II. She and her husband each laid a foundation stone of the new Salisbury Cathedral. During one of his long journeys abroad, when others feared he had been lost, she refused to marry any of the suitors who had their eye on her fortune and steadfastly believed in her vision of his return. She founded two religious houses in his memory, one for men at Hinton Charterhouse and the other for women at Lacock. She joined Lacock Abbey as a nun in 1238, and in 1241 became it's first abbess. She lived (1187-1261).

1196-1223  Countess Abbess Mechthild I zu Wohldenberg of Gandersheim (Germany)
Pope Innocence III. placed the chapter under Papal protection in 1206 and finishes the century old dispute with the Bishop of Hildesheim.

Ca. 1196-ca. 1204 Dame Abbesse Cècile II of Remiremont (France)   

1197-1200, 1209-10 and 1211-12 Queen Regnant Lilavati of Sri Lanka
Widow Parakrama I, who reigned 1153-86, she was installed by general Kitty, who had deposed King. Codaganga. She was also deposed, but in 1209 general Vikkantacamunakka deposed king Anikanga and reinstalled her. She was again deposed by King Lokissara who reigned, dwelling in Pulatthinagara (Polonnaruva), nine months. Finally in 1211 general Parakrama consecrated Lilavati "who came of the dynasty of the Sun and Moon, in the royal dignity, she who afterward shone in royal splendor". After 7 months King Parakrama of Pandu, deposed her and general Parakkama for the last time.

From 1197 Sovereign Countess Lukarde von Leiningen of Leiningen (Germany)
Succeeded father, Emich IV von Leiningen and married to Count Simon II von Saarbrücken. Mother of three sons - of whom one was count of Saarbrücken, one count of Leiningen and the third became bishop of Worms.

1197-1213 Sovereign Countess Marie of Montpellier (France)
Married to Pedro III de Aragón. They engaged in a power struggle about the control of her country.

1197-after 1200 Sovereign Countess Alix de France of Véxin (France)
Succeeded her sister, Margurerite, who was given the county as a dowry in 1160. She was first engaged to the heir to the English throne, Richard, also son of her father's ex-wife Leonore of Aquitaine, but instead married Guillaume II, Count de Ponthieu and Montreuil. She had no children, and lived (ca 1160-after 1200). 

1197-1204 Regent Dowager Countess Ludmilla of Bohemia of Bogen-Windberg (Germany)
When her first husband, Adalbert IV died of the wounds received in the a crusade, their three sons; Berthold III (ca. 1190-1218), Liutpold, Provost in Regensburg (d. 1221) and Adalbert V. (d. 1242), were still minors and she was in charge of the county. Six years later he married Duke Ludwig I. von Bayern (1174-1231), the former enemy of her husband, who took great care of her sons, and secured their inheritance. In her second marriage she was mother of Duke Otto II. of Bayern (1206-53). She was daughter of Duke Friederich of Bohemia and Elisabeth of Hungary, and lived (ca. 1170-1240).

1197-1213  Reigning Abbess Heylca IV von Rothenegg of Niedermünster in Regensburg (Germany)
Her family originated from Grindelwald in Switzerland.

1199-1202 Head of the Council of Regency Hōjō Masa-Ko
1203-25 Shōgun-Regent
She seized the reins of the shogunate after the death of her husband, the first shogun Yoritomo Minamoto. She quickly maneuvered her own family, the Hojo clan, into a regency over her son Yoriie. Initially she was leader of the 13 person Regency Council in a period without a Shogun, afterwards regent for son, Shōgun Sanetomo until 1219 and finally regent together with a man in another period without a Shogun. In her old age it was she who galvanized the shogunate army which crushed the forces of the Emperor Go-Toba in 1221. The Hojos remained as regents over all the successive Minamoto shoguns for the next century and a half. For this reason she, known as "Mother Shogun," has been referred to as the founder of the shogunate. She retired to a convent and died as a nun.

1199-1257 Sovereign Countess Mahaut I de Courtenay of Nevers
1204-04, 1214 and 1218-19 Sole Regent of Nevers
1219-57 Sovereign Countess of Auxerre and Tonnerre, Dame de Courtenay (France)
Her mother Agnès died 1192 and her father, Pierre de Courtenay, Count de Namur 1212 and Emperor of Constantinople 1217, kept control of the three counties until 1299 when he transferred the County of Nevers to Baron Hervé V de Donzy, as part of a ransom for his freedom as he had been taken prisoner during a armed conflict between the two. The following year Mahaut was married to Hervé. Pierre kept control over Auxerre and Tonnerre until his death in 1219. 1204-04 and 1214 Hervé accompanied King Philippe on warfares against the English, 1218-19 on the Fifth Crusade and she was left in sole control of the counties. Her husband died three years later imprisoned in his chateau of Saint-Aignan. In 1223 Mahaut signed the Municipal Charter of Auxerre. Her daughter Agnès de Donzy died in 1225, the following year Mahaut married Guy de Forez and raised her grandchildren Gaucher and Yolande de Châtillon. Mahaut was succeeded by her great-granddaughter, Mahaut II de Dampierre - daughter of her granddaughter Yolande de Châtillon and Archambaud de Dampierre, and lived (1188-1257).

1199-1231 Sovereign Countess Guillermina Ramonida of Pallars-Sobirá (Spain)
She succeeded brother Guillermo II. First she ruled alone, then together with Guillermo IV, Lord de Erill (1204-16) and with Roger I, Vicomte de Couserans (1216-29). 

From 1199 Sovereign Countess Blance of Éureay (France)
The county is situated in Normandy.

Ca. 1199-ca. 1247 Governor Queen Bhagubai of three Large Regions in Karnataka (India)
She was the in charge of three large regions in Karnataka, including modern Bijapur district and earned admiration of her king and overlord Singhana II.

Around 1200-09 Hereditary Lady Bertha von Vohburg of Greiz, Hof, Regnitztal, Ronnenburg and Plauen (Austria)
She was daughter and heir of the Margrave of Vohburg. married Heinrich II der Reiche von Reuss Steward of Weida and Gera. Mother of Heinrich III and Heinrich IV. 

Before 1200 Queen Arjayadengjayaketana of Bali (Indonesia)
Joint ruler with King Haji Ekajayalancana. The first centuries AD until the year o 1500, constituted the Hindu influence period. With the coming of Indian influences. In running the government, the monarch was assisted by a Central Advisory Board. In the oldest charter 882 AD - 914 AD, the board was called panglapuan. The Board members comprised several commanders', Senapatis and Siwa and Buddhist priests. 

1200-05 Sovereign Countess Palentine Jeanne of Bourgogne (France)
She was daughter of Otton I et de Marguerite de Champagne, Comtesse Palatine de Bourgogne (1200-1205) and succeeded by sister Beatix II (1192-1231). She lived (1191-1205).

1200-31 Sovereign Countess Beatrix II of Franche-Comté (France)
1205-31 Countess Palentine de Bourgogne 
Succeeded father, Otto I in Franche-Comté and sister in Bourgogne, and reigned jointly with husband Duke Otto II de Meran (1208-34), who was succeeded by their son, Otto III de Meran and Franche-Comté. She lived (1192-1231).

1200-after 45 Dame Beatrix de Courtenay of Toron and Cabor, Titular Countess of Edessa (Israel)
Oldest daughter of Joscelin II and Agnes de Milly, she first married Guillaume de Lusignan, Wilhelm de Lusignan, Seigneur de Valence (d. ca. 1206) and Otto II. Graf von Henneberg and mother of two sons by the last son. (d. after 1245).

1200-08 Regent Burgavine Petronella van Kortrijk of Gent (Belgium)
Her husband Zeger II was a tempelar from 1200 and in 1202 he died, and she continued as regent for their son Zeger III (1190-1227). She remained influential after her son took over the government and for example donated some lands to a abbey in 1214. When signing documents she used the titulature of Burggravine van Gent and Kortrÿk.

Around 1200 Administator Urodati Vennele Settikavve of Satenahalli in Karnataka (India)
She was also security officer, and stopped loot and rampage in her territory in Karnataka by punishing the ruffians and supporting the ethos of traders. She also arranged seminars on religion (dharma-prasanga).

Around 1200 Army Commander Queen Umadevi of Hoysala (India)
She led two campaigns against recalcitrant vassals during the reign of her husband, king Viraballala II of Karnataka (1173-1220).

12... Regent Dowager Princess Alagai Bäki of the Ordos Mongols in Gansu and Shaanxi (China)
She was widow of Boyaoche and daughter of Djingis Khan. The tribe was also known as Öngüt in Chihua Cheng.

1201-30 Sovereign Dame Ermessenda de Castellbò i Caboët of Andorra 
1226-30 Sovereign Viscountess of Castellbò-Cerdagne (Spain)
Inherited Andorra from her mother Arnalda de Carboet (1164-1201) and Castellbò by father Arnaud de Castellbò-Cerdagne (1155-1226). She and married to Roger Bernard II of Foix (1195-1241) in 1208, and trough their descendants Andorra was inherited by the houses of Foix, Bearn and Navarra and France. She lived (1185-1230).

1201-22 Regent Dowager Countess Blanca de Navarra of Champagne (France)
Until 1229 Regent of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Blanche de Navarre, she was pregnant when her husband Theobald III died, and she became regent for her posthumously born son Theobald IV (1201-53). Her regency was plagued by a number of difficulties. Her brother-in-law, count Henry II had left behind a great deal of debt, which was far from paid off when Theobald III died. Further, their son Theobald's legitimacy was not unquestioned, and his right to the succession was challenged by Henry's daughter Philippa and her husband, Erard I of Brienne, count of Ramerupt and one of the more powerful Champagne nobles. The conflict broke into open warfare in 1215, and was not resolved until after Theobald came of age in 1222. At that time Theobald and Blanca bought out their rights for a substantial monetary payment. Her brother Sancho VII of Navarre was the last male-line descendant of the first dynasty of kings of Navarre, the Pamplona dynasty, and was childless and when he went into retirement ("el Encerrado") she took administration of the kingdom, though he remained king until her son succeeded him in 1234. She was the youngest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre (who died 1194) and Sancha of Castile. She lived (1170's-1229).

1201 Pretender Philippine de Champagne-Jerusalem of Champagne (France)
She was the younger daughter of Henri de Champagne and Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem, she claimed the county of Champagne after the death of her cousin, Thibaut, jointly with her older sister, Queen Alice of Jerusalem, and the fights over the inheritance lasted about a quarter of a century. Some of the nobles and prelates supported Philippa and her sister, others supported Queen Blanca of Castilla and her son. In 1221 both sisters seceded their claims in exchange of a large payment. But in 1227 they made a new attempt and new fights erupted. But in 1234 the inheritance was finally settled, the sisters were granted a large sum of money and Alice had the treaty confirmed by her son, Henri of Cyprus and her daughters Maria and Isabella. Philippa was married to Sire Erard III de Brienne, mother of seven children, and lived (ca. 1195- 1250).

1202-08 Queen Kalyanavati of Sri Lanka
The ancient chronicle Culavamsa says: "Thereupon King Sahasamalla of the race of Okkaka, a lion in courage, carried on the government for two years. Then having deposed this Monarch, the general Ayasmanta, a man of almost unsurpassable courage, a supporter of his royal family, prudently had the government carried on with wise policy for six months by Kalyanavati, the first mahesi of Kittinissanka. This Queen Kalyanavati, who was devoted to the Order of the Master, had a vihara called after her, built in the village Pannsalaka by name, for love of the village, and assigned it villages, fields, articles of use, slaves, gardens and so forth. With her consent, the general Ayasmanta, who administered the government in all Lanka, who came of the Khandhavara family, sent the Adhikarin Deva to charming Valliggama, had a vihara erected there and assigned to the Great community. He built the parivena known by his name of Sarakulavaddhana and caring for its support, he assigned it villages and fields surrounded by parks and the like and which could scarcely be visited by a bad harvest, together with articles of use and slaves male and female. Having scrupulously separated the four castes who had become impure through mixture, he bent on doing good, had a text book compiled which had law as its subject. Her name is also spelled Kalyanawathee.

1202-04 Regent Countess Marie de Champagne of Flanders and Hainault (Belgium)
In charge of the government during husband, Count Baudouin IX's participation in the 5th crusade. He later became Emperor of Constantinople. She traveled to Jerusalem and died shortly after her arrival after having given birth to her second daughter, the later Marguerite II. Her husband died in 1205 and was succeeded by daughter Jeanne. 

1202-ca. 44 Sovereign Countess Isabelle Taillefer of Angoulême (France)
She was daughter of Adémer III Taillefer, who was pretender to the county (1181-1202) against his sister, Countess Mahaut. After his death she claimed the title, 6 years before Mahaut died. First married to King John without Land of England 1216, who died when she was visiting Queen Blance in Paris. After having returned to England she gave birth to a daughter. After the coronation of her 8 year old son, Henry, she was asked by the Barons to leave England and she returned to her own lands. Here she arranged for her daughter to marry Hugues X de Lusignan, Count de La Marche, to whom she was engaged before her marriage to John, but married him herself in 1218. She was very powerful in both counties. Both her second husband and her son, Henry III, were engaged in fights against the French king in 1242. The following year she devided her posessions among those of her 13 children who had survived infancy, and joined the convent Fontrevault. After her death her husband joined one of the crucades and died in the Holy Land in 1249. She lived (1186-1246).

1202-after 05 Regent Countess Alice of Angoulême (France)
Widow of the pretender, Adémer Taillefer to the county, she was regent for daughter, Isabelle. 

1202-ca. 06 Regent Dowager Countess Oda von Berg-Altna of Tecklenburg (Germany)
Ruled in the name of son Otto I von Tecklenburg after the death of her husband, Count Simon. Otto was succeeded by daughter, Helwig.  

1203-28 Claiment to the Duchy Eléonore of Bretagne (France)
After her brother, Arthur I (1186-1201-03) was assasinated by their uncle, John without Land of England, claimed the duchy but was imprisoned by John and placed in a Abbey in England. (d. 1244)

1203-21 Sovereign Duchess Alix de Thouars of Bretagne (France)
She inherited Brittany after her half-brother Arthur was assasinated. She was daughter of Duchess Constance and her father, Gui de Thouars, who was duke-regent during her minority until 1213. Her husband, Pierre I de Dreux, Count of Penthièvre and Richmond was Duke by the right of his wife until 1221 and after her death during the minority of their son, Jean I until 1237. (d. 1221).

1203-28 Sovereign Countess Beatrice de Thiers of Chalons-sur-Saône and Beaune (France)
Succeeded father Guillaume VI and Married Etienne III de Bourgogne (1170-1240). After her death in 1228, the county was inherited by son, Jean I (1190-1266).

1203 Sovereign Countess Ada of Holland and Zeeland (The Netherlands)
Only daughter of Dirk VII of Holland, who installed her as heir in 1203. She was supported by Flanders, but the same year exiled. Her mother, Alidis von Kleve, married her off to Louis van Loon, who became count of Holland after Dirk’s death. But within a short time, support was mounting for Dirk’s brother, Willem, who took the title of Count. Ada was taken prisoner by the English king and only released after her husband swore an oath of allegiance to him. She had no children, and lived (ca. 1189-ca. 1227).

1203-24 Princess-Abbess Sophia von Brehna of Quedlinburg (Germany)
Daughter of Margrave Friedrich and Hedwig and lived (1182-1226).

Before 1203-14/20 Princess-Abbess Imagina van Loon of Munsterbilzen, Dame of Wellen, Haccourt, Hallembaye and Kleine-Spouwen (Belgium)
Also known as Imena, she entered the convent after the death of her husband, Godfried II van Leuven, Duke of Brabant (reigned 1142-90). Daughter of Lodewijk I van Loon en Rieneck and Agnes van Dagsburg van Metz, and (d. 1214/20).

1204-ca. 05 Regent Dowager Countess Mathilda of Portugal of Flanders (The Netherlands)
She was very influential during the reign of her husband Filips (d. 1191) and her sister-in-law Marguerite and again during the reign of son her, Boudewijn IX of Constantinople, and regent during his participation in the 5th Crusade. Born as Mafalda, she was daughter of King Sancho I (1154-85-1211) and Dulce of Aragón. 

1205-44 Sovereign Countess Jeanne de Constantinople of Flanders, Hainault and Namur (Belgium and France)
Also known as Johanna, she was the oldest daughter of Emperor Boudewijn IX of Constantinople. After the death of her parents she, and her sister, Marguerite, were raised by king Philippe Auguste of France and was married off to Ferrand of Portugal, who participated in the coalition against the king, and held as prisoner 1214-26. During this difficult period, she was advised by her mother-in-law and managed to secure her inheritance faced with the opposition of the nobility and cities. After she managed to obtain the liberation of her husband in 1226, she lived a couple of years in relative tranquillity and founded numerous charitable and religious institutions. After Ferrand's death in 1233, she married Thomas de Savoie. Her only daughter, Marie, died as an as an infant and she was succeeded by sister, Marguerite, and lived (1188/1200-44).

1205-13 Queen Maria I de Monferrato of Jerusalem (Israel)
Also known as Maria La Marquise or Maria of Monferrato, she succeeded to throne of Jerusalem aged 13. The regent was John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut (her mother Isabella's half-brother). When Maria came of age at the age of 17 in 1208, she assumed the throne in her own right. The nobles of Outremer decided though that she was rather young and the Jerusalem should be ruled by a man and so the search went out for a suitable husband for this young woman. In 1210 she married Jean de Brienne. Maria gave birth to a daughter, Isabella/Yolanda in 1212 and died shortly after and her husband, Jean de Brienne, became regent for their daughter until 1225. 

From 1205 Regent Princess Burgundia of Cyprus
After the death of her father, Amalric I of Cyprus-Jerusalem she was held the regency together with husband Gautier de Montfaucon-Montbeliard, during the minority of her brother, Hugh or Hugo, who came of age in 1205. Their half-sister, Maria, became Queen of Jerusalem after the realm was devided. Burgundia or Bourgogne lived (Ca. 1176-after 1205)

1205-12 Sovereign Countess Elisabeth de Luxembourg of Saint-Pôl (France)
She was daughter of Hugues IV Camp d'Avesnes (d. 1205), and married Gaucher III, seigneur de Châtillon, de Troissy, de Mo