Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
Female
Heads
of State of China
(Female Suffrage in the Kwangtung Province 1911, Universal suffrage 1947) An
ancient Empire became a republic 1912 and a communist Peoples Republic 1947
See also China Ministers and Chinese Substates
Around BCE 306 Politically
Influential Dowager Queen Xuantaihou of the Qin Dynasty
After the death of her husband, King Wuwang she had a relationship with a King
of the Yiqu Statelet in today's northwestern Shenxi Province. She had two sons
with him, but had the king killed and incorporated the lands of Longxi (Gansu),
Beidi (Yinchuan of Ningxia) and Shangjun (Yulin, Shenxi Prov) in the Kingdom her
son, King Zhaoxiangwang of Qin, who ruled 306-251.
Before BCE 246 Regent Dowager Empress Xuan
of the Qin Dynasty
She ruled the State of Qin as regent for 41 years even after her son had become
an adult. After she became old, it still took him three years work to curb her
power. She was seen as an astute politician and had laid the base for Qin
Shihuangdi to unite China.
BCE
195-179 De-facto ruler Queen Han Lu Hou
During the reign of Han Hui Di she took over the administration together with
the concubine Qi and her son Zhao. 187-179 she was sole ruler with a
number of nominal kings. Succeeded by son, king Han Wen Di (180-157)
BCE
141-135 Regent Dowager Empress Dou
She was regent for her grandson, Emperor Wu Di, who struggled to build a
coalition of support to challenge her influence. According to Sima Qian,
imperial patronage swung back and forth like a pendulum depending on who
momentarily enjoyed the upper hand. She wielded her influence by supporting
scholars associated with "Daoist" thinking and when the Confucians tried to
bypass consulting with her, the Daoists became enraged and had several
Confucians secretly investigated. (d. 135).
BCE
74-67 Regent the Dowager Empress
Co-regent for emperor Liv Shi
1-6
Dowager Empress
The widow of emperor Lui Xin (BCE 5-A.D. 1), she reigned together with Minister
Wang
88-97 Queen
Dou of
the Han Dynasty
105-106 Regent The Dowager Empress
After the death of Emperor He, she
announced that he had left two young sons who had been brought up outside the
palace, but that the elder brother, Liu Sheng, was suffering from an incurable
illness and was unfit to rule. She therefore placed the younger, Liu Long, upon the throne, and even when he died a few months later, aged just over a year
old,
she again passed over Liu Sheng in favour of Liu You, a nephew of Emperor He,
later known as Emperor An (reigned 106-125). Inevitably, much of the
information formed an intimate secret of the state, and all the decisions and
announcements were made on the authority of the Dowager alone.
106-21
Regent Queen Deng of
the Han Dynasty
144-50
Regent Queen Liang
Na of
the Han Dynasty
168-73
Regent Queen Dou Shi of
the Han Dynasty
189 Politically Influential
Empress Dowager He Mou of Han
She was the chief consort of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty
China. Along with her half-brother He Jin, she was able to temporarily dominate
power at the imperial court after the death of Emperor Ling in 189,
during the reign of her son Liu Bian (b. 176),
they presided over the imperial court. Throughout much of the year,
she acted as balancing force between the enunuch faction,
led by Jian Shuo and Zhang Rang, and the official faction, led by He Jin and
Yuan Shao. The climax of the struggles came in September, when He Jin was
assassinated by the eunuchs at the imperial palace. In the chaotic fighting
which followed, she lost all the members of her clan of
political importance, including her brother He Miao and mother, the Lady of
Wuyang. Her son was deposed in favour of his younger
half-brother Liu Xie. Empress Dowager He was accused of the murder of Empress
Dowager Dong and ordered to move to the Yongle Palace, outside the main palace
complex. She was poisoned there by order of Dong Zhuo on 30 September 189.
She was originally from a butcher's family from Wan county in central
China.
290-291 Co-Ruler Dowager Empress Yang Zhi of China
She married Emperor Wu after the death of her cousin, Empress Yang Yan in 276.
Their only son, Sima Hui died in 283. After he conquered Eastern Wu in 280, he
became largely obsessed with feasting and women, and tired of handling important
matters of state and her father, Yang Jun and uncles Yang Yao and Yang Ji became
those who made actual decisions and became very powerful. She was instrumental
in keeping Crown Prince Zhong's wife Jia Nanfeng from being deposed after she
personally had several of the crown prince's pregnant concubines killed. After
her husband's death her father became regent for the mentally deficient new
emperor. The regent quickly showed himself to be autocratic and incompetent,
drawing the ires of many other nobles and officials. He ordered that all edicts
should be signed by both the emperor and Yang Zhi before they could be
promulgated. When the allies of Empress Jia attacked, she wrote an edict
ordering assistance for Yang Jun and put it on arrows, shooting it out of the
palace, but then made the bold declaration that the Dowager Empress was
committing treason. Her father was quickly defeated, and her clan was massacred.
Yang Zhi was deposed from her position and made a commoner, and her mother, Lady
Phang was executed and Yang Zhi committed suicide by refusing to eat. (d. 292).
291-300 De facto Ruler
Empress Jia Nanfeng of China.
When her mental deficient husband, Emperor Sima Zhong, succeeded to
the throne the father of his stepmother, Dowager Empress Yang Zhi was named
regent, and they kept her away from the government. She staged a coup deposing
Yang Zhi and her father, Yang Ju and taking over power and since then made all the important decisions for the state and
effectively ruled the country.
She
eliminated any who appeared to be a threat to her position, including a her
husband's pregnant concubines, and in 291 she deposed her husband's stepmother,
Empress Yang Zhi and her father, Yang Jun, who was the regent., In addition, her
victims even included the Crown Prince. In 300 the King of Zhao
led a coup against her, and she was killed along with
several others in her faction. In addition, Emperor Zhong was placed under house
arrest. Not long after putting down this insurrection and regaining power, the
kings began to fight amongst each another.
325-35 Regent Queen Yü Hon of Dong
349 Regent Empress Dowager Liu
After her father, the last Han Zhao emperor Liu Yao, was captured by the Later
Zhao's founding emperor Shi Le in 329, she fled together with her brothers Crown
Prince Liu Xi and Prince Liu Yin of Nanyang from the capital Chang'an to
Shanggui. Soon after her brothers were defeated and killed and she was captured
by Zhang Chai. In 348 Emperor Shi Hu picked their son as his Heir and she was
named Empress. When the Emperor grew ill the following year, he appointed his
two sons as joint regents for her son, Shi Shi, but when he died she took over
as regent for her son, holding power jointly with her husband. She tried to
placate the sons of the later Emperor giving them high posts, but instead they
marched on the capital. She then tried to placate them by offering them the
office of regent and the nine bestowments, but instead he executed her husband,
and then forged her to sign an edict deposing her son. She was given the title
of Princess Dowager of Qiao, but soon both she and her son were executed. She
lived (318-349).
466-71
Empress Teng Shi of Wei (Toba-Tatarian Dynasty)
She lived (441-90)
515-28
Regent Ling Taihou of Wei
Her extravagant spendings in favour of Buddhism resulted in a revolt and she and
her son were thrown into the Yellow River and around 1000 courtiers were
murdered. In the following chaos the Northern Wei-Empire (Bei Wei) were divided
among various warlords.
626-636 Politically Influential
Empress Zhangsun of China
Married to Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) of the Northern Wei Dynasty. She was of
Xianbei (an ancient ethnic) group in China origin and grew up on the central
plains and received a very good education there, having a particularly good
command of literature and history. At the time of Li Shimin's rivalry for the
throne with his royal brothers, Zhangsun repeatedly cleared Li Shimin before
Emperor Gaozu of the misdeeds with which he had been falsely framed. During the
Xuanwumen Mutiny in which Emperor Gaozu's sons fought for the throne, she made a
personal appearance in order to raise the army's morale, thus ultimately helping
Li Shimin get rid of his political enemies. She continued to assist in the
handling of state affairs after her husband became emperor, and lived (300-36).
660-705
Empress Wu Zetian of China
690-705 "Emperor"
She was the favourite concubine of Emperor Kao Tsung, giving birth
to the sons he wanted. Wu managed to outflank her eldest sons and moved her
youngest, and much weaker son, into power. She in effect ruled, telling him what
to do. In 690, Wu's youngest son removed himself from office, and Wu Zetian was
declared emperor of China. She lived (625-705).
690-710 "Chief Administrator" Shangguan Wan'er in
China
She had been Empress Wu Zetian's trusted aide prior to her enthronement, and for
several decades the destiny of the Tang Empire was in the hands of these two
exceptional women. Historical data show that they were instrumental in
maintaining the stability, prosperity and development of the Tang Dynasty. Her
grandfather was involved in a power struggle during Emperor Gaozong's reign and
was, along with her father, executed by Wu Zetian. Wan'er learned reading and
writing from female officials in the imperial palace, and was later givenr the
responsibility of drafting edicts. Eventually all memorials submitted to Wu
Zetian were first read by Wan'er for her opinion before being approved by the
empress. By the age of 19, Wan'er was the second most powerful person in the
imperial court, second only to Wu Zetian herself. She was apponted
Zhaorong and responsible for the imperial harem. During the reign of Emperor
Zhongzong, Wan'er proved an invaluable helpmeet. In one palace coup, she coolly
and efficiently directed the guards to attack leaders of the rebellion, and so
suppressed the uprising. Wan'er was also a positive influence on the Emperor,
and encouraged him to build schools and so foster literary talent. After Wu
Zetian's resignation Shangguan Wan'er sought the new Empress Wei's patronage.
The empress enjoyed power for only a short time and was put to death when Li
Longji, Prince of Linzi, stormed the palace. As a member of Empress Wei's
clique, Shangguan Wan'er was also killed. Shangguan Wan'er lived (664-710)
705-10 Politically
Influential Princess Anle
After the death of Empress Wu Zetian, the court of the reinstalled
emperor Zhongzong was controlled by the clan of his wife,
Empress We, her daughter Princess Anle and Wu Sansi, a relative of late
Empress Wu Zetian. In 710 Empress Wei enthroned the minor Li Chongmao
(posthumous Tang Shaodi). Only the rebellion of Li Longji could reestablish the
power of the house of Li, and the deposed emperor Ruizong was reinstalled.
Princess Taiping was the last to challenge the ruling house, and in 712
Ruizong abdicated in favor of Li Longji
710 Politically Influential Princess Taiping of China
Together with her nephew Xuanzong she
conspired to put an end to Empress Wei's attempted usurpation of power.
He killed Empress Wei, the wife of his recently dead uncle Emperor Zhongzong, in
a palace coup which placed his own father, Emperor Ruizong, on the throne.
Xuanzong himself succeeded the throne in 712.
710
Regent Dowager Empress Wei Shi
For Emperor Li Chan Mao of the Tang Dynasty. He was deposed 710.
1013-16
Supreme Commander of the Palace Shao-shi
She was
a female official in the palace service organization and appears to have earned
all her promotions through meritorious service. She had served in the palace of
Taizong (r.976-997) when he was a feudal prince. When Taizong became emperor,
she was made siyi (Director of Clothing) then promoted to shanggong
(Chief-of-services) responsible for the Womens Service Organization within
the palace. In 997, Zhenzong (r.998-1022) named her qun furen (Commandery
Mistress) and in 1013, the emperor created a new title of gong siling
(Supreme Commander of the Palace) in her honor. In 1033, Renzong (r.1023-1064)
posthumously promoted her to minor wife status by naming her taiyi (One
of Supreme Deportment) and in 1044 to xienfei (Worthy Consort).
She
(d.1016)
1021-33 () Regent Dowager Empress Liu Zhangxian
Mingxiao of China
When her husband, Emperor Heng (998-1022), who was also known as Sung Chen Tsung
or Tseng Tsung, became insane in 1021, she assumed power, unofficially, in the
de facto administration of the empire, but someone else was appointed as the
official regent, and efforts were made to keep her from the regency for her
stepson, Emperor Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63), two years later. As regent she was able
to consolidate her power and govern as de facto sovereign. She held court, with
the young emperor, behind the lowered screen. She alone made the final decisions
on state policies and delegation of power. Liu left a will stipulating that
another palace woman, Yang (c.1033) should succeed her as regent even though
Renzong was already 23 years old. Her wishes were not honored as neither the
emperor nor his ministers were willing to tolerate another regency. Also known
as Chengtian, she lived (969-1033).
1023-1059 Politically
Influential
Dowager
Empress
Yang
Zhanghui of
China
The regent, Dowager Empress
Liu created a special post
for her as
huang taifei (Supreme Consort) and left a will stipulating that Yang was to
succeed her as regent to
Emperor
Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63), who was 23 at the time and did not want a regent.
She was able to obtain numerous favors and offices for the next three
generations of her paternal family.
Zhao Zhen
continued to listen to her advice and after the early deaths of his three sons
the question of succession became a great concern
and in
1059, she
persuaded him
to adopt the son of a cousin who became Emperor Yingzong
(1064-1067).
She lived (983-?)
1041-55 Politically
Influential
Noble Consort
Zhang Wencheng
of China
She
was a favorite secondary consort of Emperor
Zhao Zhen (1010-22-63) or
Renzong,
and
her power was
felt both within and without the palace. Her brother, Huaji (c.1054) and her
uncle, Yaozuo, all gained high positions and prospered through her influence.
1063-64
Dowager Empress Cao
She lived (1017-79)
1085-93
()
Reigning Dowager Empress Gao (De fei) of China
She lived (1031-93)
1100-01()
Reigning Dowager Empress Xiang Shi
1127 and 1129-31 Regent Empress Meng Zhaoci of China
1127-28 Regent in Jiling
She was selected over 100 candidates by Supreme Empress Dowager Gao (1031-1093),
to be principal consort for her grandson, Emperor Zhao Xu (1085-1100). She
became empress in 1092 but while she was favored by both Gao and by her
mother-in-law, Xiang (1045-1101), the emperor was enamored of another palace
woman, Liu (d.1113). She managed to escape the Jin, who attacked the capital,
and when Emperor Qinzong (1126-1127), was taken north. To gain a semblance of
legitimacy the commander Zhang named her as regent for Zheng, who had taken over
the throne. Shortly after, she learned that one the sons of Huizong (reigned
1101-1126), had arrived at Kaifeng, and she sent a letter where she declared
declared this prince as the legitimate emperor, and retired from her regency.
Zhang was thus pressured to retire in favor of Huizong and was later told to
commit suicide. 1127-28, she kept control of the North Eastern Province of
Jiling after the Song Dynasty lost control of Northern China to the Liao Dynasty
in 1127 and moved to the south, establishing the Southern Song Dynasty, which
lasted until 1279. Two years later, in 1129, when Gaozong was defeated in battle
at Yangzhou and narrowly escaped capture, two discontented leaders of his
bodyguards forced him to abdicate in favor of his three-year-old son. Meng was
again asked to serve as regent. Eventually Gaozong was able to regain the throne
and she retired after having served as regent for 25 days. In the same year,
Gaozong sent her with an imperial guard west into Jiangsi so that if he were to
be captured or killed a she would represent the legitimacy of the Northern Song
Dynasty. She lived (1077-1135).
1189-95
De-Facto
Ruler Empress
Li Ciyi
Her husband
Guangzong
(ruled 1189-95) was
mentally unstable,
and his
continued illness created a vacuum for Empress Li to become a force in court
politics. Unfortunately, she proved to be irresponsible, arrogant, and
temperamental and alienated officials. She was able to give positions to
numerous members of her family and others whom she favored. After she was
implicated in the assassination of her husbands favorite concubine in 1191, the
emperor worsened and eventually, the officials forced Empress Dowager Wu to name
a new emperor in 1195. She lived
(1144-1200).
She had plotted
to be named Empress, and when her husband, Emperor
Ningzong died,
she helped Prince Yun
to be
installed as Emperor Lizong,
and he invited her to
take part in
the deliberations of government behind the lowered screen,
and
1241-46 Grand Khanum Regnant Törägänä of the Qagans of China - The Mongol Empire
Also known as Töregene Khâtûn, she was head of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, after
the death of her husband, Ögedei Khan Güyük Khan in 1246. The dynasty ruled most
of China and Chinese Turkistan, covering Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan et cetera. She
managed to balance the various competing powers within the Mongol Empire, and
even within the extended family of the descendants of Genghis Khan. Her husband
had nominated a son by another wife to succeed him, but when the lesser khans
appointed her regent, she appointed her favorites to high positions in the
imperial household, and managed to keep a Kurultai from being held until it was
sure her son Güyük was favored by the majority. During her reign, foreign
dignitaries arrived from the distant corners of the empire to her capital at
Karakorum or to her nomadic imperial camp. Emirs, governors and grandees jostled
along the same roads as princes and kings. The Seljuk sultan came from Turkey
as did representatives of the Caliph of Baghdad. So did two claimants to the
throne of Georgia: David, the legitimate son of the late king and David, the
illegitimate son of the same king. The highest-ranking European delegate was
Alexander Nevsky's father, Grand Prince Yaroslav II Vsevdodovich of Vladimir and
Suzdal, who died suspiciously just after dining with her. (d. 1265).
1241-46 Senior Minister Fatima Katun of the Qagans of China - The Mongol Empire
Among the new ministers appointed when Töregene Khâtûn became regent and
dismissed all of her husband's ministers. The Persian chronicler Juvaini, who
disapproved of women's involvement in politics, wrote that she enjoyed constant
access to the regent's tent. According to him, she "became the sharer of
intimate confidences and the depository of hidden secrets." She played a
political role while the older "ministers were debarred from executing business,
and she was free to issue commands and prohibitions." Also, two of the other
three divisions of the empire also had female governors. Not only were most of
the rulers women, but surprisingly, none had been born Mongol. They had married
into the family from a conquered steppe tribe, and aside from Fatima, most of
the women were Christians. When Güyük took power he managed to have her
imprisoned and killed in 1248.
Her husband, Emperor
Duzong
had died in 1276 and was
succeeded by a relative, Emperor Gongdi.The Mongols were threatening the capital and it was decided
that the
Emperor should remain with his mother and grandmother to
either defend the capital or failing it, to negotiate the surrender terms. It
was also decided that
her son
Zhao Shi and his
half-brother, Zhao Bing
(d.1279)
should flee south to the sea with
their mothers and their maternal uncles, Yang Chen and Yu Rugui. After Gongdi
and the imperial court were captured and taken north to Dadu, the Mongol
capital, the loyalist forces crowned
her son
as Emperor, in Fuzhou in June of
1276.
He was only nine years old and
she was named Empress Dowager
and regent.
1307 Dowager Empress Khanum Bulugan of the Yuan Dynasty in China
She was widow of Temur Oljetu (Chengzong) who ruled (1294-1307) as successor to
Khubilai Setsen Khan (Shizu) and acted as regent for her step-grandson Wuzong,
also known as Khaishan or Hai San. She was born as Princess Bulukhan of the
Baya'ud.
1366-71
Regent Princess Beng Shi
She was regent for son, who was pretender of the Yuan-throne.
1368-98
Politically Influential Empress Ma
She assisted her husband, Zhu
Yuanzhang in both his military activities, the management
of his household and the decisions he made in institutional matters and in
managing his civil and military subordinates. She influenced his decisions on a
wide range of issues from the punishment of senior officials and merchants whom
he suspected of treason to the treatment of prisoners forced to do corvee
labour. She took a personal interest in the welfare of the students at the
National University at Nanjing, and sponsored the setting up of the Red Plank
Granary to dispense grain as part of a stipend for the students and their
families.
1402-24 Politically
Influential Empress Xu of China
In charge of the administration of the City of Yan while
her husband Zhu Di (the Yongle Emperor),
was pursuing his campaign and in the midst
of fierce fighting, she ascended the city walls and personally encouraged the
troops to defend it.
1435-42 Regent Dowager Empress Zang of China
She was widow of Emperor Hsuan Te (1425-35) regent for son, Zhu Qizhen (Zhengtong),
who was Emperor (1435-49) and (1457-64). She was one of the most powerful of all
Ming empresses was accompanied by her son, on a visit to Wansuishan, the
artificial mountain just behind the palace. They also made a very public visit
to the Ming tombs, thirty li northwest of the city. (d. 1442).
1493 Taoist Priest Empress Zhang
The scroll
which documents her ordination
as a Taoist priest is one of the most important surviving documents of the
relationship between Taoism and the Ming imperial family. The painting
shows her with a group of divine ladies called "jade maidens," the Taoist priest who
ordained her, and a procession of deities. Each deity can be identified by an
accompanying inscription, making this work an invaluable source for the
identification of images of Taoist gods in the Ming dynasty. The depiction of
empress and priest together with Taoist gods indicates that the human figures
have achieved divine status. She was married to Emperor Hongzhi.
1643-87 Politically Influential Grand Empress
Dowager Xiao Zhuang of China
Widow of Hong Tajii, she took part of the affairs of state
during the reign of her son, and when he died at the age of 24 and
was succeeded by his 8 years old son,
Kang Xi, she asked the four appointed regents, Oboi, Sonim, Suksaha and
Ebilun to assist her grandson and advised her grandson to learn from his
ministers since they were most experienced and had been assisting the late
emperor during his reign. She took charge of Kang Xi's
upbringing after the death of his mother. When Oboi was posing a threat to Kang
Xi's rule, she helped the young emperor to get rid of Oboi. Born
as Bumbutai., she was a daughter of a prince of
Borjigit, the Khorchin Mongols, prince Jaisang, thus was a descendant of
Chinggis Khan, known as Hiyooungga Ambalinggū
Genggiyenu Hūwanghu in Manchu (d. 1688).
1861-73
Co-Regent, Dowager Empress Niuhuru (Xiaozhen) Dong Taihou
Dong
Taihou means Eastern Empress - the main wife of the Emperor. She was sister of
Cixi, had no children lived
(1837-1881)
1861-73 Co-Regent Dowager Empress Cixi huangtaihou of
China (2.12-23.2)
1874-75 De-facto Co-Regent (18.12-14.1)
1875-81 Co-Regent (12.1-8.4.)
1881-89 Empress Regent (Huang Tai Hu) (8.4-4.3)
1898-1908() Empress Regent (De-facto Reigning Empress)(22.9-15.11)
Her full name was H.I.M. [Yi] Cixi [Hsiao-chin Hsien Hung Hu] Tuan Yu Kang
I Chao Yu Chuang Cheng Shou Kung Chin Hsien Chung Hsi. She was secondary Consort
(Kuei Fei) after 1856, Empress of the West (Si Kong).
In 1861-81 Cixi ruled jointly with Co-Dowager-Empress Cian (Xiaozhen)
(1837-1881) for Cixi's son Zaichun (1862-75) and successors Zaitian (1875-1908)
and Puyi (1908-12). She became legendary for her despotic and conservative rule
and her attempts to fight back the influence of the Western Countries. She lived
(1834-1908).
1908-11 De-facto Co-Regent, Dowager Empress Xiao Ding
Jing Long Yu
huagtaihou (13.11-6.12)
1911-12 Empress-Regent (6.12-12.2)
Dowager Empress Cixi entrusted a vaguely specified Imperial authority to her.
She was the holder of the Imperial Seal and exercised the Imperial authority. On
6.12.11 the regent and father of Emperor Puyi, Prince Zaifeng, resigned. At
6.12.1912 she signed the decree which abolished the monarchy. She was the niece
of Empress Cixi and was the childless widow of Emperor Zaitian and lived (1868-1913)
1954-76 Vice-Chairperson of The Peoples' Republic (Deputy
Head of State) Song Qingling
1968-74 Co-Acting Head of State (31.10-24.2).
(1976-78 Acting Head of State, Provisoric Chairperson of the Permanent Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress (6.8.76-4.3.78))
1979-81() Honorary President of China (16.5.79-29.5.81)
1980 Chairperson of the 3rd Session of the National Peoples Congress
In 1927-29 Member of Government Council, 1929-49 Leader of Opposition against
her brother-in-Law President Chiang Kai-chek and 1948 Honorary Chairperson of
the Kuomintang, 1949-54 Deputy Premier Minister, 1954-59 and 1975-78
Vice-Chairperson of the National Peoples Congress, 1954-59 Vice-Chairperson of
China Peoples Consultative Consultative Conference, CPPCC, 1968-74 the Post
of Chair of the Republic was vacant and she and the other Vice-Chairperson, Dong
Biw shared the Presidential Powers. Soong Qingling was widow of Sun Yat-Sen,
Provisoric President of China in 1911. Her sister Soong May-ling (b. 1897)
played a crucial role as wife of Chiang Kai-chek, President of China till 1945
and of Taiwan 1945-75. And her brother T. V. Soong was Premier Minister in Taiwan. A third sister was a business magnate. She lived (1893-1981).
1976-82
Vice-Chairperson of the NPC Deng Yingchan
1980 Permanent Chairperson of the NPC
1980-81 Chairperson of the CPPCC
In the period 1976-78 there was no Chairperson of the NPC and she was one of
the 21 vice-chairmen who constituted the collective Head of State. Other
sources name Song Qingling as Provisoric Chairperson.
1976-79
Vice-Chairperson of the NPC Cai Chang
1980-81 Permanent Chairperson of the NPC
In the period 1976-78 there was no Chairperson of the NPC and she was one of
the 21 vice-chairmen who constituted the collective Head of State.
-1976-78-
Vice-chairperson Li Suwen
In the period 1976-78 there was no Chairperson of the NPC and she was one of the
21 vice-chairmen who constituted the collective Head of State.
Last update 12.02.08